Cav1.1

CACNA1S
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases CACNA1S, CACNL1A3, CCHL1A3, Cav1.1, HOKPP, HOKPP1, MHS5, TTPP1, hypoPP, calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S
External IDs MGI: 88294 HomoloGene: 37257 GeneCards: CACNA1S
Targeted by Drug
diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez

779

12292

Ensembl

ENSG00000081248

ENSMUSG00000026407

UniProt

Q13698

Q02789

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000069

NM_001081023
NM_014193

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000060.2

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 201.04 – 201.11 Mb Chr 1: 136.05 – 136.12 Mb
PubMed search [2] [3]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Cav1.1 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit, (CACNA1S), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1S gene.[4] It is also known as CACNL1A3 and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR, so named due to the blocking action DHP has on it).

Function

This gene encodes one of the five subunits of the slowly inactivating L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel in skeletal muscle cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.[4]

Cav1.1 is a voltage-dependent calcium channel found in the transverse tubule of muscles. In skeletal muscle it associates with the ryanodine receptor RyR1 of the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a mechanical linkage. It senses the voltage change caused by the end-plate potential from nervous stimulation and propagated by sodium channels as action potentials to the T-tubules. It was previously thought that when the muscle depolarises, the calcium channel opens, allowing calcium in and activating RyR1, which mediates much greater calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is the first part of the process of excitation-contraction coupling, which ultimately causes the muscle to contract. Recent findings suggest that in skeletal muscle (but not heart muscle), calcium entry through Cav1.1 is not required; Cav1.1 undergoes a conformational change which allosterically activates RyR1.[5]

Clinical significance

In hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP), the voltage sensors in domains 2 and 4 of Cav1.1 are mutated (loss-of-function), reducing the availability of the channel to sense depolarisation, and therefore it cannot activate the ryanodine receptor as efficiently. As a result, the muscle cannot contract very well and the patient is paralysed. The condition is hypokalemic because a low extracellular potassium ion concentration will cause the muscle to repolarise to the resting potential more quickly, so any calcium conductance that does occur cannot be sustained. It becomes more difficult to reach the threshold at which the muscle can contract, and even if this is reached then the muscle is more prone to relaxing. Because of this, the severity would be reduced if potassium ion concentrations are maintained. In contrast, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis refers to gain-of-function mutations in sodium channels that maintain muscle depolarisation and therefore are aggravated by high potassium ion concentrations.[6]

The European Malignant Hyperthermia Group accepts two mutations in CACNA1S as diagnostic for malignant hyperthermia.[7]

Blockers

Cav1.1 is blocked by dihydropyridine.

See also

References

  1. "Drugs that physically interact with Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S view/edit references on wikidata".
  2. "Human PubMed Reference:".
  3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  4. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: CACNA1S calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit".
  5. Proenza C, O'Brien J, Nakai J, Mukherjee S, Allen PD, Beam KG (February 2002). "Identification of a region of RyR1 that participates in allosteric coupling with the alpha(1S) (Ca(V)1.1) II-III loop". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (8): 6530–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106471200. PMID 11726651.
  6. Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F (August 2005). "Muscle channelopathies and critical points in functional and genetic studies". J. Clin. Invest. 115 (8): 2000–9. doi:10.1172/JCI25525. PMC 1180551Freely accessible. PMID 16075040.
  7. https://emhg.org/nc/genetics/mutations-in-ryr1/

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 5/19/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.