List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
This is a list of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts (German: Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste), a German and formerly Prussian honor given since 1842 for achievement in the humanities, sciences, or arts.
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| Date of award | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1842 | Dominique François Jean Arago | Physicist |
| 1886 | Giovanni Battista Carlo de Rossi | Archeologist |
| 1886 | Ernst Werner von Siemens | Physicist |
| 1887 | Johannes Brahms | Composer |
| 1887 | Gustav Freytag | Novelist and playwright |
| 1887 | Giulio Monteverde | Sculptor |
| 1887 | Heinrich von Treitschke | Historian |
| 1887 | Giuseppe Fortunio Francesco Verdi | Composer |
| 1898 | Johann Kaspar Julius Ficker von Feldhaus | Religious historian |
| 1898 | Sir William Henry Flower | Naturalist |
| 1898 | Gustav Oscar August Montelius | Archeologist |
| 1898 | Sir John Murray | Oceanographer |
| 1898 | Simon Schwendener | Botanist |
| 1899 | Gustav von Schmoller | Economist and historian |
| 1900 | Max Joseph von Pettenkofer | Hygienicist and chemist |
| 1901 | Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns | Composer |
| 1901 | Rudolph Virchow | Pathologist |
| 1901 | Julius Wellhausen | Historian and orientalist |
| 1902 | Alexander Emanuel Agassiz | Zoologist |
| 1902 | John Lubbock, Lord Avebury | Biologist and archaeologist |
| 1902 | Luigi Antonio Gaudenzio Cremona | Mathematician |
| 1902 | Carl Gegenbaur | Anatomist |
| 1902 | Adolf von Harnack | Theologian and church historian |
| 1902 | Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker | Botanist |
| 1902 | Carl Justi | Church historian |
| 1902 | Gaston Paris | Scholar of Romance literature |
| 1902 | Peter Petrowitsch von Semjonow-Tienschanski | Geographer |
| 1903 | Adolf Mussafia | Romanist |
| 1903 | John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh | Physicist |
| 1903 | Theodor Ritter von Sickel | Historian |
| 1904 | Hermann Emil Fischer | Chemist |
| 1904 | François-Auguste Baron Gevaert | Music historian and composer |
| 1904 | Adolf Kirchhoff | Classical philologist |
| 1904 | Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow | Mathematician |
| 1905 | Graziadio Isaia Ascoli | Linguist |
| 1905 | Franz Jacob von Defregger | Artist |
| 1905 | Simon Newcomb | Astronomer |
| 1906 | Franz Bücheler | Classical philologist |
| 1906 | Léopold Victor Delisle | Historian |
| 1906 | Robert Koch | Bacteriologist |
| 1908 | Max Bruch | Composer |
| 1908 | James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce | Historian and jurist |
| 1908 | Wilhelm Dilthey | Philosoph |
| 1908 | Hendrik Antoon Lorentz | Physicist |
| 1908 | Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp Pfeffer | Plant physiologist and botanist |
| 1908 | Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff | Linguist (Turkic studies) |
| 1908 | John Singer Sargent | Artist |
| 1908 | Gabriel Ritter von Seidl | Architect |
| 1908 | Johannes Vahlen | Classical philologist |
| 1908 | Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff | Classical philologist |
| 1910 | Sir David Gill | Astronomer |
| 1910 | Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin | Aeronaut |
| 1911 | Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz | Military theorist |
| 1911 | Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering | Physiologist |
| 1911 | Andreas Heusler | Jurist |
| 1911 | Otto Lessing | Sculptor |
| 1911 | Sir William Ramsay | Chemist |
| 1911 | Gustaf Magnus Retzius | Histologist |
| 1911 | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | Physicist |
| 1911 | Gustav Schönleber | Artist |
| 1911 | Vilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen | Orientalist |
| 1912 | Julius Ferdinand von Hann | Meteorologist |
| 1912 | Reinhold Koser | Historian |
| 1912 | August Louis Tuaillon | Sculptor |
| 1912 | Sir William Turner | Anatomist |
| 1912 | Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt | Psychologist and philosopher |
| 1913 | Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat | Artist |
| 1913 | Hermann Diels | Classical philologist |
| 1913 | Ernst Emil Ludwig Hoffmann | Architect |
| 1914 | Camillo Golgi | Physician and histologist |
| 1914 | Hans Grässel | Architect |
| 1915 | Heinrich von Angeli | Artist |
| 1915 | Otto Friedrich von Gierke | Jurist |
| 1915 | Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn | Astronomer |
| 1915 | Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck | Physicist |
| 1915 | Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Physician and histologist |
| 1915 | Hugo Ritter von Seeliger | Astronomer |
| 1916 | Hugo Freiherr von Freytag-Loringhoven | Military theorist |
| 1916 | Rudolph Sohm | Jurist |
| 1917 | Max Klinger | Printmaker and Sculptor |
| 1917 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Physicist |
| 1917 | Hans Thoma | Artist and Designer |
| 1918 | Adolf Erman | Egyptologist |
| 1918 | Georg Friedrich Knapp | Economist and political theorist |
| 1918 | Johannes Adolf von Kries | Physiologist |
| 1918 | Carl Ritter von Linde | Engineer |
| 1918 | Eduard Meyer | Historian and orientalist |
| November 1918 | Ceased with the end of the Prussian monarchy. | |
| 1919-1922 | No award made. | |
| 1923 | Revived with the President of Germany as head of the order. | |
| 1923 | Albert Einstein | Physicist |
| 1923 | Gerhart Hauptmann | Poet |
| 1923 | Felix Klein | Mathematician |
| 1923 | Hugo Lederer | Sculptor |
| 1923 | Max Liebermann | Artist |
| 1924 | Georg Gottfried Julius Dehio | Art historian |
| 1924 | Richard von Hertwig | Zoologist |
| 1924 | Hermann von Kuhl | Military writer |
| 1924 | Heinrich Lüders | Indologist |
| 1924 | Hans Erich Pfitzner | Composer and conductor |
| 1924 | Eduard Schwartz | Classical philologist |
| 1924 | Max Slevogt | Artist and printmaker |
| 1924 | Richard Georg Strauss | Composer and conductor |
| 1924 | Richard Willstätter | Chemist |
| 1925 | Hugo von Habermann | Artist |
| 1925 | Ludolf von Krehl | Physician |
| 1926 | David Hilbert | Mathematician |
| 1926 | Leopold Karl Walter Graf von Kalckreuth | Artist and printmaker |
| 1926 | Albrecht Penck | Geographer |
| 1926 | Karl Vossler | Romanist |
| 1929 | Wilhelm von Bode | Art historian and museum director |
| 1929 | Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler | Conductor and composer |
| 1929 | Käthe Kollwitz | Artist and printmaker |
| 1929 | Carl Stumpf | Physiologist and philosopher |
| 1931 | Enno Littmann | Orientalist |
| 1931 | Wilhelm Schulze | Indogermanist |
| 1931 | Theodor Wiegand | Archaeologist |
| 1932 | Paul Fridolin Kehr | Historian |
| 1933 | Ernst Heinrich Barlach | Sculptor, printmaker and poet |
| 1933 | Heinrich Wölfflin | Art historian |
| 1933 | Absorbed into the state honours system of Nazi Germany. | |
| 1933-1945 | ||
| 1946-1952 | No award made. | |
| 1952 | Revived with West German president Theodor Heuss as head of the order. | |
| 1952 | Paul Bonatz | Architect |
| 1952 | Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe | Physicist |
| 1952 | Ernst Robert Curtius | Romanist |
| 1952 | Ludwig Curtius | Archaeologist |
| 1959 | Gerhard Domagk | Physician |
| 1952 | Karl Ritter von Frisch | Zoologist |
| 1952 | Erich Haenisch | Sinologist |
| 1952 | Otto Hahn | Chemist |
| 1952 | Max Hartmann | Biologist |
| 1952 | Paul Hindemith | Composer, violist and conductor |
| 1952 | Karl Hofer | Artist and printmaker |
| 1952 | Erich Kaufmann | Jurist |
| 1952 | Max Theodor Felix von Laue | Physicist |
| 1952 | Theodor Litt | Philosopher |
| 1952 | Gerhard Marcks | Sculptor |
| 1952 | Friedrich Meinecke | Historian |
| 1952 | Emil Nolde | Artist and Printmaker |
| 1952 | Karl Reinhardt | Classical philologist |
| 1952 | Otto Renner | Botanist |
| 1952 | Paul Schmitthenner | Architect |
| 1952 | Reinhold Schneider | Writer and poet |
| 1952 | Rudolf Alexander Schröder | Poet |
| 1952 | Renée Sintenis | Artist and Printmaker |
| 1952 | Eduard Spranger | Philosopher |
| 1952 | Otto Warburg | Biochemist |
| 1952 | Heinrich Wieland | Chemist |
| 1952 | Adolf Windaus | Chemist |
| 1954 | Niels Henrik David Bohr | Physicist |
| 1954 | Carl Jacob Burckhardt | Historian |
| 1954 | Arthur H. Compton | Physicist |
| 1954 | George Peabody Gooch | Historian |
| 1954 | Hermann Hesse | Writer |
| 1954 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | Philosopher of religion |
| 1954 | Albert Schweitzer | Philosopher, theologian and music historian |
| 1954 | Alfred Weber | Sociologist |
| 1955 | Sir Henry Hallett Dale | Physiologist |
| 1955 | Étienne Gilson | Philosopher |
| 1955 | Werner Jaeger | Classical philologist |
| 1955 | Klas Bernhard Johannes Karlgren | Sinologist |
| 1955 | Oskar Kokoschka | Artist, printmaker and writer |
| 1955 | Thomas Mann | Writer |
| 1955 | Gilbert Murray | Greek scholar |
| 1955 | Hans Purrmann | Artist and printmaker |
| 1956 | Luigi Einaudi | Economist |
| 1956 | Max Huber | Jurist |
| 1956 | Lise Meitner | Physicist |
| 1956 | Carl Orff | Composer |
| 1956 | Karl Schmidt-Rottluff | Artist |
| 1956 | Erwin Schrödinger | Physicist |
| 1956 | Thornton Wilder | Writer |
| 1957 | Werner Heisenberg | Physicist |
| 1957 | George de Hevesy | Chemist and physicist |
| 1957 | Charles B. Huggins | Physician |
| 1957 | Ludwig Mies van der Rohe | Architect |
| 1957 | Gerhard Ritter | Historian |
| 1958 | Werner Bergengruen | Writer |
| 1958 | Romano Guardini | Philosopher |
| 1958 | Richard Kuhn | Chemist and Biochemist |
| 1958 | Percy Ernst Schramm | Historian |
| 1959 | Ernst Beutler | Literary scholar |
| 1959 | Ernst Buschor | Archaeologist |
| 1959 | Thomas Stearns Eliot | Poet |
| 1959 | François Louis Ganshof | Historian |
| 1959 | Pieter Catharinus Arie Geyl | Historian |
| 1960 | Hans Kienle | Astronomer |
| 1961 | Hans Rothfels | Historian |
| 1961 | Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker | Physicist and philosopher |
| 1962 | Adolf Butenandt | Biochemist |
| 1962 | Albert Defant | Geophysicist |
| 1962 | Franz Dölger | Byzantinist |
| 1962 | Wolfgang Schadewaldt | Classical philologist |
| 1963 | André-Jean Festugière | Historian |
| 1963 | André Grabar | Art historian |
| 1963 | Gerhard von Rad | Theologian |
| 1963 | Carl Ludwig Siegel | Mathematician |
| 1963 | Walther von Wartburg | Romanist |
| 1964 | Rudolf Hillebrecht | Architect and town planner |
| 1964 | Karl Jaspers | Philosopher |
| 1964 | Alfred Kühn | Zoologist |
| 1966 | Sir James Chadwick | Physicist |
| 1966 | Annette Kolb | Writer |
| 1966 | Georg Ostrogorsky | Byzantinist |
| 1966 | Emil Staiger | Literary historian |
| 1966 | Alexander Lord Todd | Chemist |
| 1966 | Wieland Wagner | Opera director and stage designer |
| 1966 | Hans Wimmer | Sculptor |
| 1967 | Kurt Bittel | Archaeologist |
| 1967 | Erich Heckel | Artist and printmaker |
| 1967 | Peter Huchel | Writer |
| 1967 | Marie Luise von Kaschnitz | Writer |
| 1967 | Otto Klemperer | Conductor and composer |
| 1967 | Gyula Moravcsik | Byzantinist |
| 1967 | Erwin Panofsky | Art historian |
| 1967 | Hideki Yukawa | Physicist |
| 1967 | Carl Zuckmayer | Writer |
| 1968 | Theodor Eschenburg | Political scientist and journalist |
| 1968 | Marino Marini | Sculptor and printmaker |
| 1968 | Kurt Mothes | Plant physiologist |
| 1969 | Alvar Aalto | Architect |
| 1969 | Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra | Classical philologist |
| 1969 | Rudolf Bultmann | Theologian |
| 1969 | Hugo Friedrich | Romanist |
| 1969 | Stephan Kuttner | Canonist and legal historian |
| 1969 | Konrad Lorenz | Zoologist |
| 1969 | Franz Wieacker | Legal historian |
| 1969 | Karl Waldemar Ziegler | Chemist |
| 1970 | Egon Eiermann | Architect |
| 1970 | Walther Gerlach | Physicist |
| 1970 | Fritz Kortner | Actor and director |
| 1970 | Karl Rahner | Theologian |
| 1971 | Hans-Georg Gadamer | Philosopher |
| 1971 | Rolf Gutbrod | Architect |
| 1971 | Albin Lesky | Classical philologist |
| 1971 | Feodor Lynen | Biochemist |
| 1971 | Theodor Schieder | Historian |
| 1971 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Biochemist |
| 1972 | Andreas Alföldi | Historian |
| 1972 | Sir Hans Adolf Krebs | Biochemist |
| 1972 | Henry Moore | Sculptor |
| 1972 | Walter Rossow | Garden designer and landscape architect |
| 1972 | Fritz Winter | Artist |
| 1973 | Raymond Aron | Sociologist |
| 1973 | Helmut Coing | Jurist |
| 1973 | Manfred Eigen | Physical chemist |
| 1973 | Golo Mann | Historian, journalist and writer |
| 1973 | Hans Erich Nossack | Writer |
| 1973 | Bartel Leendert van der Waerden | Mathematician |
| 1973 | Maria Wimmer | Actor |
| 1974 | Wolfgang Gentner | Physicist |
| 1974 | Thrasybulos Georgiades | Musicologist |
| 1974 | Fritz Albert Lipmann | Biochemist |
| 1974 | Sir Ronald Syme | Historian |
| 1975 | Pierre Boulez | Composer and conductor |
| 1975 | Richard Ettinghausen | Art historian |
| 1975 | Emil Karl Frey | Surgeon |
| 1975 | György Ligeti | Composer |
| 1975 | Kenzo Tange | Architect |
| 1976 | George F. Kennan | Historian and diplomat |
| 1976 | Heinz Maier-Leibnitz | Physicist |
| 1977 | Hansjochem Autrum | Zoologist |
| 1977 | Sir Ernst Gombrich | Art historian |
| 1977 | Hans Hartung | Artist |
| 1977 | Friedrich August von Hayek | Economist |
| 1977 | Bruno Snell | Classical philologist |
| 1978 | Gerhard Rudolf Edmund Meyer-Schwickerath | Ophthalmologist |
| 1978 | Victor Friedrich Weisskopf | Physicist |
| 1979 | Felix Bloch | Physicist |
| 1979 | Elias Canetti | Writer |
| 1979 | Fritz Schalk | Romanist |
| 1980 | Wolfgang Paul | Physicist |
| 1980 | Sir Karl Popper | Philosopher of science |
| 1980 | Werner Reichardt | Physiologist |
| 1980 | Leopold Reidemeister | Art historian |
| 1981 | Wolfgang Clemen | Anglicist |
| 1981 | Felix Gilbert | Historian |
| 1981 | Gershom Scholem | Philosopher |
| 1981 | Emil Schumacher | Artist |
| 1981 | Rudolf Serkin | Pianist |
| 1981 | Hans Georg Zachau | Molecular biologist |
| 1982 | Hendrik B. G. Casimir | Physicist |
| 1982 | Sir Bernhard Katz | Physiologist |
| 1982 | Ernst Kitzinger | Art historian |
| 1983 | Carl Dahlhaus | Musicologist |
| 1983 | Jean Gaudemet | Jurist |
| 1983 | Eugène Ionesco | Writer and designer |
| 1983 | Elisabeth Legge-Schwarzkopf | Opera singer |
| 1984 | Hans Albrecht Bethe | Physicist |
| 1984 | Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau | Opera singer and conductor |
| 1984 | Hermann Paul Joseph Haken | Physicist |
| 1984 | Kaii Higashiyama | Landscape artist |
| 1984 | Otto Kratky | Physical chemist |
| 1984 | Boris Borissowitsch Piotrowski | Archaeologist |
| 1985 | Bernhard Bischoff | Palaeographer, philologist and historian |
| 1985 | Erwin Neher | Biophysicist |
| 1986 | Horst Fuhrmann | Historian |
| 1987 | Eduardo Chillida Juantegui | Sculptor |
| 1987 | Max F. Perutz | Biophysicist |
| 1988 | Stig Fredrik Strömholm | Jurist |
| 1990 | Gordon Alexander Craig | Historian |
| 1990 | Carlos Kleiber | Conductor |
| 1990 | Jean-Marie Lehn | Chemist |
| 1990 | Albrecht Schöne | Germanist |
| 1991 | Bernard Andreae | Archaeologist |
| 1991 | Alfred Brendel | Pianist and Writer |
| 1991 | Herbert Giersch | Economist |
| 1991 | Friedrich Hirzebruch | Mathematician |
| 1992 | Karl Dietrich Bracher | Historian and political scientist |
| 1992 | Albert Eschenmoser | Chemist |
| 1992 | Wolfgang Gerok | Physician |
| 1992 | Eberhard Jüngel | Theologian |
| 1992 | Giorgio Strehler | Stage director |
| 1992 | Martin Walser | Writer |
| 1993 | Gerhard Casper | Jurist |
| 1993 | Sir Henry Chadwick | Church historian |
| 1993 | Walter Gehring | Biologist |
| 1993 | Robert Huber | Chemist |
| 1993 | Witold Lutoslawski | Composer and conductor |
| 1993 | Aribert Reimann | Composer |
| 1994 | Albrecht Dihle | Classical philologist |
| 1994 | Ludwig Finscher | Musicologist |
| 1994 | Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker | jurist |
| 1994 | Fritz Stern | Historian |
| 1995 | Peter Busmann | Architect |
| 1995 | Erwin Neher | Biophysicist |
| 1995 | Hubertus von Pilgrim | Sculptor and printmaker |
| 1995 | Bert Sakmann | Neurobiologist |
| 1995 | Robert Merton Solow | Economist |
| 1995 | Andrzej Szczypiorski | Writer |
| 1995 | Jacques Tits | Mathematician |
| 1995 | Niklaus Wirth | Computer scientist |
| 1996 | Pina Bausch | Dancer and choreographer |
| 1996 | Peter von Matt | Germanist |
| 1996 | Rudolf Ludwig Mößbauer | Physicist |
| 1997 | Eric R. Kandel | Neurobiologist |
| 1997 | Dani Karavan | Sculptor |
| 1997 | Jutta Lampe | Actor |
| 1997 | Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard | Biologist |
| 1998 | Hans Belting | Art historian |
| 1998 | Umberto Eco | Writer and semiotician |
| 1998 | Charles Weissmann | Molecular biologist |
| 1999 | Magdalena Abakanowicz | Sculptor |
| 1999 | Walter Burkert | Classicist |
| 1999 | Hans Magnus Enzensberger | Writer and poet |
| 1999 | Sofia Gubaidulina | Composer |
| 1999 | György Kurtág | Composer |
| 1999 | Robert Weinberg | Oncologist |
| 1999 | Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Immunologist |
| 2000 | Horst Albach | Business economist |
| 2000 | Paul B. Baltes | Psychologist and gerontologist |
| 2000 | Imre Kertész | Writer |
| 2000 | Günther Uecker | Painter and sculptor |
| 2000 | Anton Zeilinger | Physicist |
| 2001 | Günter Blobel | Cellular biologist |
| 2001 | Nikolaus Harnoncourt | Conductor and cellist |
| 2002 | Norman Foster | Architect |
| 2002 | Bronislaw Geremek | Historian and statesman |
| 2002 | Richard Serra | Artist |
| 2003 | Ralf Dahrendorf | Sociologist |
| 2005 | Wim Wenders | Film directory, author, and photographer |
| 2006 | Reinhard Selten | Economist |
| 2006 | James J. Sheehan | Historian |
| 2006 | Christian Tomuschat | Jurist |
| 2007 | Yuri Manin | Mathematician |
| 2008 | Durs Grünbein | Poet and writer |
| 2008 | Theodor W. Hänsch | Physicist |
| 2008 | Svante Pääbo | Geneticist and palaeontologist |
| 2009 | Lorraine Daston | Historian of science |
| 2009 | Josef van Ess | Scholar of Islam |
| 2009 | Rudolf Jaenisch | Molecular biologist |
| 2010 | Brigitte Fassbaender | Opera singer and director |
| 2010 | Anthony Thomas Grafton | Historian |
| 2010 | Barbara Klemm | Photographer |
| 2010 | Willem J. M. Levelt | Psycholinguist |
| 2011 | Hermann Parzinger | Prehistorian |
| 2011 | András Schiff | Pianist |
| 2011 | Peter Stein | Theater, opera and film director |
| 2011 | Eric F. Wieschaus | Evolutionary biologist |
| 2012 | Caroline Walker Bynum | Medievalist |
| 2012 | Wolfgang Rihm | Composer |
| 2013 | Reinhard Genzel | Astrophysicist |
| 2014 | Horst Bredekamp | Art historian |
| 2014 | Claudio Magris | Literary scholar and writer |
| 2014 | Onora O'Neill, Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve | Philosopher |
| 2014 | Michael Stolleis | Jurist and legal historian |
| 2015 | Daniel Barenboim | Conductor and concert pianist |
| 2015 | Christoph Wolff | Music historian |
| 2016 | Hans Clevers | Geneticist |
| 2016 | Rebecca Horn | Artist and Director |
| 2016 | Gidon Kremer | Violinist and conductor |
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