Third Hellenic Republic
| Hellenic Republic |
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| Motto: «Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος» (traditional) "Freedom or Death" |
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| Anthem: «Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν» "Hymn to Liberty"  |
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![Location of Third Hellenic Republic (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]](../I/m/EU-Greece.svg.png) Location of Third Hellenic Republic (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) |
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| Capital and largest city | Athens 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E | |||||
| Official language and national language |
Greek | |||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Orthodoxy (prevailing faith) | |||||
| Demonym | ||||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic |
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| • | President | Prokopis Pavlopoulos | ||||
| • | Prime Minister | Alexis Tsipras | ||||
| • | Speaker of the Parliament | Nikos Voutsis | ||||
| Legislature | Hellenic Parliament | |||||
| Formation of the Republic | ||||||
| • | Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire | 25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the Greek War of Independence), 15 January 1822 (official declaration in the First National Assembly at Epidaurus) | ||||
| • | Recognized | 3 February 1830 | ||||
| • | Current constitution | 11 June 1975 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| • | Total | 131,957 km2[1] (97th) 50,949 sq mi |
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| • | Water (%) | 0.8669 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| • | 2015 estimate | 10,955,000[2] | ||||
| • | 2011 census | 10,816,286[3] (80th) | ||||
| • | Density | 82[4]/km2 (120th) 212/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2016 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $287.114 billion[5] (51st) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $26,606[5] (44th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2016 estimate | |||||
| • | Total | $194.594 billion[5] (44th) | ||||
| • | Per capita | $18,035[5] (38th) | ||||
| Gini (2014) |  34.5[6]medium |
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| HDI (2014) |  0.865[7]very high · 29th |
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| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) | |||||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| • | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| Calling code | +30 | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | GR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .gra | |||||
| a. | The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states. | |||||
Third Hellenic Republic (Greek: Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) is the period in modern Greek history that stretches from 1974, with the fall of Greek military junta and the final abolition of the Greek monarchy, to the present day.
It is considered the third period of republican rule in Greece, following the First Republic during the Greek War of Independence (1821–32) and the Second Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924–35. The term "Metapolitefsi" (Μεταπολίτευση) is commonly used for this period, but this term concerns more often with the first years immediately after the fall of the military junta. While the First and Second Hellenic Republics aren't in common use except in a historiographic context, the term Third Hellenic Republic is used frequently.[8][9]
Features of the Third Hellenic Republic are the development of social freedoms, the human growth, the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK. On the contrary this period includes high corruption, deterioration of some economic indexes such as the public debt and nepotism mostly in political scene and the state seats.[10][11][12]
Events
This period is marked by great changes. In 1981 Greece joined in EU. Simultaneously the centre-left party PASOK won the election and changed the Greek political scenery. During 1990 the living standard of Greeks was improved importantly, nevertheless the Olympic Games of 2004 was the climax. On 1 January 2001, Greece adopted the Euro that was introduced in the country on 1 January 2002. At the last months of 2009, the Greek debt crisis broke out, an event that brought about great changes both social and political level.
Presidents of the Third Hellenic Republic
- Michail Stasinopoulos (1974–75)
- Konstantinos Tsatsos (1975–80)
- Konstantinos Karamanlis (1980–85)
- Christos Sartzetakis (1985–90)
- Konstantinos Karamanlis (1990–95)
- Konstantinos Stefanopoulos (1995–2005)
- Karolos Papoulias (2005–2015)
- Prokopis Pavlopoulos (since 2015)
Political parties in Third Hellenic Republic
1974–1989
This period began with the centrists and centre-right being dominant, though the former lost support in the late 1970s with the rise of PASOK. Also the Communist Party of Greece was allowed to take part in elections for first time after the end of the Greek Civil War. The table below shows the results of elections during this period.
| Political position/ Ideology |
Political Party | 1974 Legislative Elections |
1977 Legislative Elections |
1981 Legislative Elections |
1981 European Elections |
1984 European Elections |
1985 Legislative Elections |
1989 European Elections |
1989 June Legislative Elections |
1989 Nov Legislative Elections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||
| Communist | KKE | – | 9.36 | 10.93 | 12.84 | 11.64 | 9.89 | – | – | – | |
| KKE interior | – | – | 1.37 | 5.30 | 3.42 | 1.84 | – | – | – | ||
| Left-wing | United Left | 9.47 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| SPADE | – | 2.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| SYN | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14.31 | 13.13 | 10.97 | ||
| Centre-left | PASOK | 13.58 | 25.34 | 48.06 | 40.12 | 41.58 | 45.82 | 35.96 | 39.13 | 40.97 | |
| Ecologists | Alternative Ecologists | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.11 | – | 0.58 | |
| Centre | Centre Union | 20.42 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| EDIK | – | 11.95 | 0.40 | 1.12 | 0.28 | – | 0.28 | – | – | ||
| KODISO | – | – | 0.72 | 4.26 | 0.80 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Liberal Party | – | – | 0.37 | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.08 | ||
| Christian Democracy | – | – | 0.15 | 1.12 | 0.45 | – | 0.41 | 0.20 | – | ||
| Liberatists | New Liberals | – | 1.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Centre-right | New Democracy | 54.37 | 41.84 | 35.88 | 31.34 | 38.05 | 40.85 | 40.41 | 44.28 | 46.19 | |
| DIANA | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.36 | – | 1.00 | ||
| Right-wing | EDE | 1.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| National Alignment | – | 6.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Progressive Party | – | – | 1.69 | 1.96 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Far-right | EPEN | – | – | – | – | 2.29 | 0.60 | 1.16 | 0.30 | – |
1990–2007
This period began with the fall of communist regimes in eastern Europe. It is characterized by the reinforcement of bipartisanship with the two main parties (New Democracy and PASOK) regularly polling over 80% of the vote between them, even reaching 86%.
| Political position/ Ideology |
Political Party | 1990 Legislative Elections |
1993 Legislative Elections |
1994 European Elections |
1996 Legislative Elections |
1999 European Elections |
2000 Legislative Elections |
2004 Legislative Elections |
2004 European Elections |
2007 Legislative Elections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||
| Communist | KKE | – | 4.54 | 6.29 | 5.61 | 8.67 | 5.52 | 5.90 | 9.48 | 8.15 | |
| Left-wing | SYN/SYRIZA | 10.28 | 2.94 | 6.25 | 5.12 | 5.16 | 3.20 | 3.26 | 4.16 | 5.04 | |
| Centre-left | PASOK | 38.61 | 46.88 | 37.64 | 41.49 | 32.91 | 43.79 | 40.55 | 34.03 | 38.10 | |
| DIKKI | – | – | – | 4.43 | 6.85 | 2.69 | 1.79 | – | – | ||
| Ecologists | Alternative Ecologists | 0.77 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ecologist Greens | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.67 | 1.05 | ||
| Centre | Union of Centrists | – | 0.23 | 1.19 | 0.70 | 0.82 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 0.29 | |
| Liberatists | The Liberals | – | – | – | – | 1.62 | – | – | – | – | |
| Centre-right | New Democracy | 46.89 | 39.30 | 32.66 | 38.12 | 36.00 | 42.74 | 45.36 | 43.02 | 41.84 | |
| DIANA | 0.67 | – | 2.79 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Right-wing | Political Spring | – | 4.88 | 8.65 | 2.94 | 2.28 | – | – | – | – | |
| Far-right | EPEN | – | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.24 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Golden Dawn | – | – | – | 0.11 | 0.07 | – | – | – | – | ||
| LAOS | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.19 | 4.12 | 3.80 |
2009–2015
This period corresponds to Greek debt crisis, that changed dramatically the political stage. Early in the period, PASOK were able to capitalise on a loss of support for ND. However, by the early 2010s, PASOK were also attracting blame for their handling of the crisis, and the radical party SYRIZA became the largest party on the left. The position of the far-right was also strengthened in this period.
| Political position/ Ideology |
Political Party | 2009 European Elections |
2009 Legislative Elections |
2012 May Legislative Elections |
2012 June Legislative Elections |
2014 European Elections |
2015 Jan. Legislative Elections |
2015 Sept. Legislative Elections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||
| Communist | KKE | 8.35 | 7.54 | 8.48 | 4.50 | 6.11 | 5.47 | 5.55 | |
| ANTARSYA | 0.43 | 0.36 | 1.19 | 0.33 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.85 | ||
| Left Wing | SYRIZA | 4.70 | 4.60 | 16.79 | 26.89 | 26.57 | 36.34 | 35.46 | |
| Popular Unity | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.86 | ||
| Centre-Left | PASOK/Olive Tree/Dem. Coal. | 36.64 | 43.92 | 13.18 | 12.28 | 8.02 | 4.68 | 6.28 | |
| Democratic Left | — | — | 6.11 | 6.25 | 1.20 | 0.49 | — | ||
| Social Agreement | — | — | 0.96 | — | — | — | — | ||
| The River | — | — | — | — | 6.60 | 6.05 | 4.09 | ||
| KIDISO | — | — | — | — | — | 2.46 | — | ||
| Ecologist | Ecologist Greens | 3.49 | 2.53 | 2.93 | 0.88 | 0.90 | — | — | |
| Centre | Union of Centrists | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 1.79 | 3.43 | |
| Teleia | — | — | — | — | — | 1.77 | — | ||
| Liberatist | Drassi | 0.76 | — | 1.80 | — | — | — | — | |
| Recreate Greece | — | — | 2.15 | — | — | — | 0.53 | ||
| Democratic Alliance | — | — | 2.55 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Drassi/Recreate Greece | — | — | — | 1.59 | 0.91 | — | — | ||
| Greek European Citizens | — | — | — | — | 1.40 | — | — | ||
| Centre-Right | New Democracy | 32.29 | 33.48 | 18.85 | 29.66 | 22.72 | 27.81 | 28.10 | |
| Right Wing | PAMME | 1.27 | – | – | – | – | – | — | |
| Independent Greeks | — | — | 10.62 | 7.51 | 3.46 | 4.75 | 3.69 | ||
| UFP | — | — | — | — | 1.04 | — | — | ||
| Far Right | LAOS | 7.14 | 5.63 | 2.89 | 1.58 | 2.69 | 1.03 | — | |
| Golden Dawn | 0.46 | 0.29 | 6.97 | 6.92 | 9.39 | 6.28 | 6.99 |
See also
References
- ↑ "Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ↑ "United Nations world population prospects"(PDF) 2015 Revision
- ↑ Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός [Results of Population-Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country] (PDF) (in Greek). 20 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ↑ "Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)". Luxembourg: Eurostat. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ "2015 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ↑ Ιορδάνογλου, Χρυσάφης Ι. (2002). Γερνώντας μαζί με την τρίτη ελληνική δημοκρατία. Εκδόσεις Παρατηρητής. ISBN 960-374-232-5.
- ↑ Μαυρογένης, Γιώργος (2008). Πολιτική Επικοινωνία & ΜΜΕ (Κεφάλαιο 17: Πολιτική Επικοινωνία στην Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία). Εκδόσεις Σταμούλη. ISBN 9789603517566.
- ↑ "H ποιότητα στην Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ↑ "Η Μεταπολίτευση, μία σύντομη αποτίμηση". kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ↑ "Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία. Του Γ. Ρωμαίου". tvxs.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.