Talwar-class frigate

INS Trikand (F51) on its delivery voyage to India departing from Portsmouth Naval Base, UK
Class overview
Name:	Talwar class
Builders:	Baltiysky Zavod Yantar Shipyard
Operators:	Indian Navy
Preceded by:	Brahmaputra class
Succeeded by:	Shivalik class
Cost:	₹175 billion (US$2.6 billion)[1]
Planned:	10
Completed:	6
Active:	6
General characteristics
Type:	Guided Missile Frigate
Displacement:	4,035 t (4,448 short tons) full load [2] 3,850 t (4,240 short tons) standard load [3]
Length:	124.8 m (409 ft 5 in)
Beam:	15.2 m (49 ft 10 in)
Draught:	4.2 m (13 ft 9 in)
Installed power:	Zorya-Mashproekt M7N.1E propulsion plant 2 × DS-71 cruise gas turbines 9,850 shp (7,350 kW) 2 × DT-59 boost gas turbines 22,185 shp (16,543 kW)[4]
Propulsion:	COGAG configuration
Speed:	32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range:	4,850 mi (4,210 nmi) at 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph) 1,600 mi (1,400 nmi) at 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)[5]
Endurance:	30 days
Complement:	180 (18 officers)[5]
Sensors and processing systems:	1 × 3Ts-25E Garpun-B surface search radar 1 × MR-212/201-1 navigation radar 1 × Kelvin Hughes Nucleus-2 6000A radar 1 × Ladoga-ME-11356 intertial navigation and stabilisation 1 × Fregat M2EM 3D circular scan radar 1 × Ratep JSC 5P-10E Puma fire-control system 1 × 3R14N-11356 fire-control system FCS 4 × MR-90 Orekh
Electronic warfare & decoys:	1 × TK-25E-5 EWS 1 × PK-10 ship-borne decoy launching systems 4 × KT-216 decoy launchers
Armament:	24 × Shtil-1 medium range missiles 8 × Igla-1E (SA-16) 8 × VLS launched Klub, anti-ship cruise missiles (F40, F43, F44) 8 × VLS launched BrahMos, anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles (F45, F50, F51) 1 × 100mm A-190E, naval gun 2 × AK-630 CIWS (F45, F50, F51) 2 × Kashtan CIWS (F40, F43, F44) 2 × twin 533mm DTA-53-11356 torpedo tubes 1 × RBU-6000 (RPK-8) rocket launcher[5]
Aircraft carried:	1 × Ka-28 (or) Ka-31 (or) Dhruv[5]

The Talwar-class frigates or Project 11356 are a class of guided missile frigates designed and built by Russia for the Indian Navy. The Talwar-class guided missile frigates are the improved versions of the Krivak III-class (Project 1135) frigates used by the Russian Coast Guard. The design has been further developed as the Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate for the Russian Navy. Six ships were built in two batches between 1999 and 2013.

Designed by Severnoye Design Bureau, the first batch of ships were built by Baltic Shipyard and the second batch by Yantar Shipyard. All the ships of the class have been named after weapons from Hindu mythology.

Preceded by the Brahmaputra-class frigates, the Talwar-class frigates are said to have semi-stealth features and better armament. The Indian Navy currently has six of these ships and plans to induct four more in the future.

History

On 17 November 1997, Russia and India signed a $1 billion contract, for three Krivak III-class multi-purpose frigates. The Indian Navy wanted to fill the gap created by the decommissioning of the Leander-class frigates until the Project 17-class frigates entered service.

After the signing of the contract, Severnoye Design Bureau began a detail design layout and the shipbuilder, Baltisky Zavod of St. Petersburg, began preparations for their construction. The project involved around 130 suppliers from Russia, India, Britain, Germany, Denmark, Belarus, Ukraine and other countries including over 30 St. Petersburg-based naval design organizations and institutes.

The first frigate, INS Talwar was delivered in May 2002. The second, INS Trishul, was delivered in November 2002 and the third, INS Tabar, in May 2003. The Russian firm delayed the delivery of three frigates by 13 months, 7 months and 11 months respectively. The contract stipulated the levy of liquidated damages for the delays and the same worked out to the equivalent of US$38.5 million. This was yet to be recovered as of December 2005.

The Indian government signed a follow-on contract for the purchase of three additional frigates on 14 July 2006. These ships will be built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad. The first frigate was scheduled for delivery in April 2011. These ships will feature BrahMos supersonic anti-ship cruise missile instead of the Klub-N/3M54TE missile system which was provided to the Talwar, Trishul and Tabar frigates.

In July 2012 India Today announced the start of talks about purchasing three additional Talwar-class frigates (No.7 to No.9).^[6] In March 2016, it was reported that India and Russia are still negotiating the purchase of the additional ships.^[7]

Design and description

The Severnoye Design Bureau developed the Project 1135.6 vessel using an earlier Project 1135.1 design, which dated back to the early 1980s. The ship's redesigned topside and hull has a considerably reduced radar cross-section. While the superstructure sides are sloped and relatively clean, the very cluttered topside of the ship cannot be remotely described as having any signature reducing features. These frigates will be the first Indian Navy warships to incorporate some stealth features. The ship's hull is characterized by outward flare and tumblehome, while the superstructure (which forms a continuous junction with the hull) has a large fixed tumblehome angle.

Power plant

The Talwars features the Zorya designed and Mashproekt (Ukraine) manufactured M7N.1E gas turbine plant which comprises two DS-71 cruise turbines and two DT-59 boost turbines in two engine rooms. The cruising component consists of two DS-71 gas-turbine engines, each rated at 9,000 horsepower (6,700 kW) in forward running, and 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) in reverse. Two cruising RO63 two-speed gearboxes and one cruising R1063 auxiliary gearbox which makes it possible to use any of the cruising engines to drive both propeller shafts. A boost component with two DT-59.1 gas-turbine engines, each rated at 19,500 hp (14,500 kW) forward running, 4,500 hp (3,400 kW) in reverse and two RO58 single-speed reduction gearboxes. The four gas turbines are mounted on isolated cradles which minimize their contact with the hull and thereby considerably reduce the transmission of her vibration and sound.^[4][8]

Electrical power is provided by four 1 MW Wärtsilä WCM-1000 generator sets with Cummins KTA50G3 engines and Kirloskar 1 MV AC generators. The contract for the generators was signed with Wärtsilä Denmark.

Flight deck

The Talwar class can accommodate one Ka-28 Helix-A antisubmarine helicopter or one Ka-31 Helix-B airborne early warning helicopter which can provide over-the-horizon targeting. The vessel can also embark the navalised variant of the indigenous HAL Dhruv.

Armament

INS Trikand at Portsmouth Naval Base, UK.

The frigates are armed with a new 3M-54 Klub attack anti-ship system with a vertical missile launcher, Shtil-1 multi-channel medium-range surface-to-air missile system (an export version of the SA-N-12 "Grizzly"), a Kashtan anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, a RBU-6000 depth charge launcher and Puma-Universal artillery system. These ships are designed to carry and operate one heavy duty helicopter.

Primary weapon

In the main strike role, an eight-cell 3S14E vertical missile launcher is fitted, which accommodates the 3M-54E Klub-N anti-ship missile developed by the Novator Design Bureau. The Agat Research and Production Enterprise has supplied the 3R14N-11356 shipborne fire-control system associated with the Klub-N. The 3M-54E Klub is an 8.22 metres (27.0 ft) long missile using active radar guidance with a range of 220 kilometres (140 mi). It is a three-stage missile in which the terminal stage reaches supersonic velocity (Mach 2.9) when it is approximately 20 km (12 mi) from its target.

The follow-on order of INS Teg, Tarkash and Trikand are fitted with the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, which has a range of 300 kilometres (190 mi) and moves with the velocity of Mach 3 throughout its flight.^[9][10][11]

Air defence

The Shtil-1 SAM system with a 3S-90 missile launcher is fitted forward of the bridge and is armed with the 9M317 (SA-N-12 "Grizzly", navalised SA-17) missile. 24 missiles are carried in a magazine located below deck. Guidance and target illumination for these missiles is provided by four MR-90 Orekh (NATO: Front Dome) radars, which are connected to a command and control post. The SA-N-12 missile uses a combination of inertial guidance and semi-active radar homing to its maximum range of 45 km (28 mi). The 70 kg (150 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead is triggered by a radar proximity fuze. The missile's control system and warhead can be adjusted to a specific target following target recognition, which increases hit probability. Eight Igla-1E (SA-16) portable air defence missiles are also carried.

Close-in weapon system (CIWS)

For the CIWS role, two Kashtan air defence gun and missile systems are used. Each system consists of two GSh-30k (AO-18K) six-barreled 30 mm Gatling guns, fed by a link-less mechanism, and two SA-N-11 (navalised variant of the 9M311, SA-19) SAM clusters. The system also includes a storing and reloading system to keep 32 SAMs in container-launchers in the vessel's under-deck spaces. The follow-on order ships Teg, Tarkash and Trikand were fitted with the AK-630 system, replacing the Kashtan system in the earlier ships.^[12]

Main gun

One 100 mm A-190(E) gun is fitted forward for use against ship and shore based targets The A-190(E) uses a lightweight gun mount with an automatic gun and fuze setter. Fire control is provided by the 5P-10E Puma FCS. The gun can fire 60 rounds a minute out to a range of 8.2 nautical miles (15.2 km). The weight of each shell is 16 kilograms (35 lb).

The gun features higher automation of fire preparation and control and employs advanced guided and rocket-assisted long-range and enhanced-lethality projectiles fitted with dual-mode impact/proximity fuzes. Together with the use of the muzzle velocity meter, it is designed to produce increased combat capability. In addition, the gun turret features stealth technology to minimize the radar signature of a ship.

Anti-submarine warfare

The ships carry the RPK-8 system, which uses a 12 barreled RBU-6000 ASW rocket launcher^[1] to fire the 212 mm 90R anti-submarine rocket or RGB-60 depth charges. The firing range is from 600 to 4,300 metres (2,000 to 14,100 ft), and the depth of engagement is up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).

Two twin 533 mm DTA-53-11356 fixed torpedo tube launchers are fitted amidships and fire the SET-65E/53-65KE torpedoes. The Purga anti-submarine fire-control system provides control for both the RBU-6000 and DTA-53 launchers.

Electronics and sensors

Radar

• Surface search: One 3Ts-25E Garpun-B radar at I-band frequency, using both active and passive channels, provides long-range surface target designation. One MR-212/201-1 radar at I-band frequency is used for navigation and a separate Kelvin Hughes Nucleus-2 6000A radar set is used for short-range navigation and surface surveillance. Also fitted with a Ladoga-ME-11356 inertial navigation and stabilisation suite supplied by Elektropribor.
• Air/surface search: One Fregat M2EM (NATO: Top Plate) 3D circular scan radar at E-band frequency, provides target indication to the Shtil-1 missile system. Featuring continuous electronically scanned arrays, the radar rotates at 12 or 6 rpm and has an instrumented range to 300 km.
• Fire control: Features a Ratep JSC 5P-10E Puma fire control system, consisting of a phased array and target tracking radar along with laser and TV devices. The system, fitted above the bridge deck, features in-flight course correction updates via data links, has a maximum detection range of 60 km, operates autonomously and is capable of automatically locking on to four targets and tracking them.

Sonar

According to some reports, the APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull) hull-mounted sonar is fitted on the vessels. The APSOH sonar performs active ranging, passive listening, auto tracking of targets and classification. Other reports indicate that the BEL HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array) sonar is fitted. The HUMSA is a panoramic medium-range active/passive sonar system developed by the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL). As a stop gap measure, Russian Bronza (MG-345) hull mounted sonars are installed.

Information released from the Severnoye Design Bureau (SDB) indicate that French towed array sonars (TAS) are also fitted. This is very plausible given that many Indian Navy ships now use French TAS, however INS Talwar shows no signs of such a system. The vessel may also have a Russian SSN-137 Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) with NATO reporting name Steer Hide, providing active search with medium frequency, and the sonar might be license produced in India with Indian designation SSSN-113.^[13]

Countermeasures

The frigate features the Russian-made TK-25E-5 integrated electronic warfare suite, which comprises a wideband electronic support measures system that has antenna arrays mounted in the superstructure and a multimode jammer. Four KT-216 decoy launchers, forming part of the PK-10 system, are fitted for soft-kill defence. A total of 120 120mm chaff and infrared decoy rounds are carried on board.

Combat data system

• The Trebovaniye-M combat information and control platform is a fully distributed combat management system. It controls all platforms of attack and defence weapons, independently generates combat missions based on situation analysis, determines optimal number of missile firings, displays information on the state of ship-borne weaponry and transmits data to protection systems.
• Interconnected via an Ethernet LAN, Trebovaniye-M features eight T-171 full-colour operator workstations (with 18-inch colour flat panel displays) and three central T-162 servers. Individual items of combat system equipment interface to Trebovaniye-M via T-119 and T-190 bus interface units. Raw radar data is received through a T-181 data reception unit.

Recent developments

India and Russia are negotiating for building an additional four more Talwar frigates for the Indian Navy.^[14][15] In September 2016, it was reported that India would acquire two Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates from Russia and remaining two will be built in India.^[16] The deal was signed in October 2016.^[17] These frigates are based on the Talwar class and were to be commissioned into the Russian Navy, but after the Ukrainian Conflict, Ukraine refused to supply any more engines for the Russian ships. So far, only two of the six have been commissioned by Russia.^[18]

Ships of the class

References

External links

• Talwar Class – Bharat Rakshak
• Modified Krivak III Class – Bharat Rakshak
• Talwar Class – Global Security
• (English) All Talwar Class Frigates – Complete Ship List

Ship classes of the Indian Navy
Aircraft carriers	Vikrant (Majestic) Viraat (Centaur) Vikramaditya (Kiev) Vikrant *
Destroyers	Rajput Delhi Kolkata Visakhapatnam *
Frigates	Nilgiri Godavari Brahmaputra Talwar Shivalik Project 17A *
Corvettes	Arnala Veer Abhay Khukri Kora Kamorta Abhay-class replacement *
Nuclear submarines	Attack Charlie + Akula-II Indian SSN * Ballistic Missile Arihant *
Conventional submarines	Kalvari (1967) + Vela + Sindhughosh Shishumar Kalvari * Project 75I *
Midget submarines	Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle *
Amphibious warfare ships	Kumbhir Magar Shardul Jalashwa Indian MRSV *
Research and survey vessels	Makar Sandhayak Sagardhwani
Patrol craft	Seaward Sukanya Super Dvora Mk II Trinkat Bangaram Car Nicobar Saryu
Minesweeper	Pondicherry
Replenishment ship	Deepak Komandarm Fedko Aditya Ambika
Tugboats	Anand Anjan Arga Balram Bhim Gaj Madan Singh
Ferries	GSL Manoram Shalimar *
Barges	Poshak Vipul * Modest * Corporated * Hooghly *
Training	Tir ABG-class Cadet Training Ship
+ Decommissioned * Under construction/procurement ** Proposed/Design phase List of active Indian Navy ships Submarines of the Indian Navy List of ships of the Indian Navy

Frigates of the Indian Navy
Commissioned ships	Shivalik class Shivalik Satpura Sahyadri Talwar class Talwar (F40) Trishul (F43) Tabar Teg Tarkash Trikand Brahmaputra class Brahmaputra (F31) Betwa (F39) Beas (F37) Godavari class Ganga Gomati
Decommissioned ships	Frigates River class HMIS Tamar HMIS Neza HMIS Dhanush[lower-alpha 1] HMIS Shamsher[lower-alpha 2] HMIS Kukri[lower-alpha 3] HMIS Bengal[lower-alpha 4] HMIS Hooghly[lower-alpha 5] HMIS Tir[lower-alpha 6] Blackwood class Khukri Kirpan[lower-alpha 7] Kuthar[lower-alpha 8] Whitby class Talwar (F140) Trishul (F143) Leopard class Brahmaputra (1958) Beas (1960) Betwa (1960) Nilgiri class Nilgiri Himgiri Udaygiri Dunagiri Vindhyagiri Taragiri Leander class Krishna Godavari class Godavari Sloops (later reclassified as frigates) Anchusa class HMIS Elphinstone P class HMIS Baluchi HMIS Pathan Grimsby class HMIS Indus Aubretia class HMIS Cornwallis Black Swan class HMIS Narbada[lower-alpha 9] HMIS Godaveri[lower-alpha 10] HMIS Cauvery[lower-alpha 11] HMIS Sutlej[lower-alpha 12] HMIS Jumna[lower-alpha 13] HMIS Kistna[lower-alpha 14] Hastings class HMIS Hindustan[lower-alpha 15] Other sloops HMIS Clive HMIS Lawrence
Future ships	Project 17A class 7 ships planned (Names to be declared)
Footnotes ↑ Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Dhanush. ↑ Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Shamsher. ↑ Renamed as INS Kukri post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Bengal post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Hooghly post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Tir post republic. ↑ Transferred to Indian Coast Guard in 1978. ↑ Transferred to Indian Coast Guard in 1978. ↑ Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Jhelum. ↑ Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Sind. ↑ Renamed as INS Kaveri post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Sutlej post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Jumuna post republic. ↑ Renamed as INS Krisna post republic. ↑ Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS Karsaz.