Cupola (geometry)
| Pentagonal cupola (example) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Set of cupolas |
| Schläfli symbol | {n} || t{n} |
| Faces | n triangles, n squares, 1 n-gon, 1 2n-gon |
| Edges | 5n |
| Vertices | 3n |
| Symmetry group | Cnv, [1,n], (*nn), order 2n |
| Rotation group | Cn, [1,n]+, (nn), order n |
| Dual polyhedron | ? |
| Properties | convex |
In geometry, a cupola is a solid formed by joining two polygons, one (the base) with twice as many edges as the other, by an alternating band of isosceles triangles and rectangles. If the triangles are equilateral and the rectangles are squares, while the base and its opposite face are regular polygons, the triangular, square, and pentagonal cupolae all count among the Johnson solids, and can be formed by taking sections of the cuboctahedron, rhombicuboctahedron, and rhombicosidodecahedron, respectively.
A cupola can be seen as a prism where one of the polygons has been collapsed in half by merging alternate vertices.
A cupola can be given an extended Schläfli symbol {n} || t{n}, representing a regular polygon {n} joined by a parallel of its truncation, t{n} or {2n}.
Cupolae are a subclass of the prismatoids.
Examples
| n | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | {2} || t{2} | {3} || t{3} | {4} || t{4} | {5} || t{5} | {6} || t{6} |
| Cupola |  Digonal cupola |
 Triangular cupola |
 Square cupola |
Pentagonal cupola |
 Hexagonal cupola (Flat) |
| Related uniform polyhedra |
Triangular prism    |
Cubocta- hedron |
Rhombi- cubocta- hedron  |
Rhomb- icosidodeca- hedron  |
Rhombi- trihexagonal tiling  |
The above-mentioned three polyhedra are the only non-trivial convex cupolae with regular faces: The "hexagonal cupola" is a plane figure, and the triangular prism might be considered a "cupola" of degree 2 (the cupola of a line segment and a square). However, cupolae of higher-degree polygons may be constructed with irregular triangular and rectangular faces.
Coordinates of the vertices
The definition of the cupola does not require the base (or the side opposite the base, which can be called the top) to be a regular polygon, but it is convenient to consider the case where the cupola has its maximal symmetry, Cnv. In that case, the top is a regular n-gon, while the base is either a regular 2n-gon or a 2n-gon which has two different side lengths alternating and the same angles as a regular 2n-gon. It is convenient to fix the coordinate system so that the base lies in the xy-plane, with the top in a plane parallel to the xy-plane. The z-axis is the n-fold axis, and the mirror planes pass through the z-axis and bisect the sides of the base. They also either bisect the sides or the angles of the top polygon, or both. (If n is even, half of the mirror planes bisect the sides of the top polygon and half bisect the angles, while if n is odd, each mirror plane bisects one side and one angle of the top polygon.) The vertices of the base can be designated V1 through V2n, while the vertices of the top polygon can be designated V2n+1 through V3n. With these conventions, the coordinates of the vertices can be written as:
- V2j−1: (rb cos[2π(j − 1) / n + α], rb sin[2π(j − 1) / n + α], 0)
- V2j: (rb cos(2πj / n − α), rb sin(2πj / n − α), 0)
- V2n+j: (rt cos(πj / n), rt sin(πj / n), h)
where j = 1, 2, ..., n.
Since the polygons V1V2V2n+2V2n+1, etc. are rectangles, this puts a constraint on the values of rb, rt, and α. The distance V1V2 is equal to
- rb{[cos(2π / n − α) − cos α]2 + [sin(2π / n − α) − sin α]2} 1⁄2
- = rb{[cos2(2π / n − α) − 2cos(2π / n − α)cos α + cos2 α] + [sin2(2π / n − α) − 2sin(2π / n − α)sin α + sin2 α]} 1⁄2
- = rb{2[1 − cos(2π / n − α)cos α − sin(2π / n − α)sin α]} 1⁄2
- = rb{2[1 − cos(2π / n − 2α)]} 1⁄2
while the distance V2n+1V2n+2 is equal to
- rt{[cos(π / n) − 1]2 + sin2(π / n)} 1⁄2
- = rt{[cos2(π / n) − 2cos(π / n) + 1] + sin2(π / n)} 1⁄2
- = rt{2[1 − cos(π / n)]} 1⁄2.
These are to be equal, and if this common edge is denoted by s,
- rb = s / {2[1 − cos(2π / n − 2α)]} 1⁄2
- rt = s / {2[1 − cos(π / n)]} 1⁄2
These values are to be inserted into the expressions for the coordinates of the vertices given earlier.
Star-cupolae
| n / d | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 |  {4/3} |
 {5/3} |
 {7/3} |
 {8/3} |
| 5 | — | — |  {7/5} |
 {8/5} |
| n / d | 3 | 5 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 |  Crossed triangular cuploid |
 Pentagrammic cuploid |
 Heptagrammic cuploid |
| 4 | — |  Crossed pentagonal cuploid |
 Crossed heptagrammic cuploid |
Star cupolae exist for all bases {n/d} where 6/5 < n/d < 6 and d is odd. At the limits the cupolae collapse into plane figures: beyond the limits the triangles and squares can no longer span the distance between the two polygons. When d is even, the bottom base {2n/d} becomes degenerate: we can form a cuploid or semicupola by withdrawing this degenerate face and instead letting the triangles and squares connect to each other here. In particular, the tetrahemihexahedron may be seen as a {3/2}-cuploid. The cupolae are all orientable, while the cuploids are all nonorientable. When n/d > 2 in a cuploid, the triangles and squares do not cover the entire base, and a small membrane is left in the base that simply covers empty space. Hence the {5/2} and {7/2} cuploids pictured above have membranes (not filled in), while the {5/4} and {7/4} cuploids pictured above do not.
The height h of an {n/d}-cupola or cuploid is given by the formula . In particular, h = 0 at the limits of n/d = 6 and n/d = 6/5, and h is maximized at n/d = 2 (the triangular prism, where the triangles are upright).[1][2]
In the images above, the star cupolae have been given a consistent colour scheme to aid identifying their faces: the base n/d-gon is red, the base 2n/d-gon is yellow, the squares are blue, and the triangles are green. The cuploids have the base n/d-gon red, the squares yellow, and the triangles blue, as the other base has been withdrawn.
Hypercupolae
The hypercupolae or polyhedral cupolae are a family of convex nonuniform polychora (here four-dimensional figures), analogous to the cupolas. Each one's bases are a Platonic solid and its expansion.[3]
| Name | Tetrahedral cupola | Cubic cupola | Octahedral cupola | Dodecahedral cupola | Hexagonal tiling cupola | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schläfli symbol | {3,3} ∨ rr{3,3} | {4,3} ∨ rr{4,3} | {3,4} ∨ rr{3,4} | {5,3} ∨ rr{5,3} | {6,3} ∨ rr{6,3} | |||||
| Segmentochora index[3] |
K4.23 | K4.71 | K4.107 | K4.152 | ||||||
| circumradius | 1 | sqrt((3+sqrt(2))/2) = 1.485634 |
sqrt(2+sqrt(2)) = 1.847759 |
3+sqrt(5) = 5.236068 |
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| Cap cells |   |
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| Vertices | 16 | 32 | 30 | 80 | ∞ | |||||
| Edges | 42 | 84 | 84 | 210 | ∞ | |||||
| Faces | 42 | 24 {3} + 18 {4} | 80 | 32 {3} + 48 {4} | 82 | 40 {3} + 42 {4} | 194 | 80 {3} + 90 {4} + 24 {5} | ∞ | |
| Cells | 16 | 1 tetrahedron 4 triangular prisms 6 triangular prisms 4 triangular pyramids 1 cuboctahedron |
28 | 1 cube 6 square prisms 12 triangular prisms 8 triangular pyramids 1 rhombicuboctahedron |
28 | 1 octahedron 8 triangular prisms 12 triangular prisms 6 square pyramids 1 rhombicuboctahedron |
64 | 1 dodecahedron 12 pentagonal prisms 30 triangular prisms 20 triangular pyramids 1 rhombicosidodecahedron |
∞ | 1 hexagonal tiling ∞ hexagonal prisms ∞ triangular prisms ∞ triangular pyramids 1 rhombitrihexagonal tiling |
| Related uniform polychora |
runcinated 5-cell |
runcinated tesseract |
runcinated 24-cell |
runcinated 120-cell |
runcinated hexagonal tiling honeycomb | |||||
References
- ↑ http://www.orchidpalms.com/polyhedra/cupolas/cupola1.html
- ↑ http://www.orchidpalms.com/polyhedra/cupolas/cupola2.html
- 1 2 Convex Segmentochora Dr. Richard Klitzing, Symmetry: Culture and Science, Vol. 11, Nos. 1-4, 139-181, 2000
- Johnson, N.W. Convex Polyhedra with Regular Faces. Canad. J. Math. 18, 169–200, 1966.