Weak base

Acids and bases
pH Reaction Titration Extraction Dissociation constant (acid) Acid strength Acidity function Buffer solutions Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Amphoterism
Acid types
Brønsted Lewis Mineral Organic Strong Superacids Weak Monobasic acid Dibasic acid Tribasic acid
Base types
Brønsted Lewis Organic Strong Superbases Non-nucleophilic Weak

In chemistry, a weak base is a chemical base that does not ionize fully in an aqueous solution. As Brønsted–Lowry bases are proton acceptors, a weak base may also be defined as a chemical base in which protonation is incomplete. This results in a relatively low pH compared to strong bases. Bases range from a pH of greater than 7 (7 is neutral, like pure water) to 14 (though some bases are greater than 14). pH has the formula:

{\mbox{pH}}=-\log _{10}\left[{\mbox{H}}^{+}\right]

Since bases are proton acceptors, the base receives a hydrogen ion from water, H₂O, and the remaining H⁺ concentration in the solution determines pH. Weak bases will have a higher H⁺ concentration because they are less completely protonated than stronger bases and, therefore, more hydrogen ions remain in the solution. If you plug in a higher H⁺ concentration into the formula, a low pH results. However, pH of bases is usually calculated using the OH⁻ concentration to find the pOH first. This is done because the H⁺ concentration is not a part of the reaction, while the OH⁻ concentration is.

{\mbox{pOH}}=-\log _{10}\left[{\mbox{OH}}^{-}\right]

By multiplying a conjugate acid (such as NH₄⁺) and a conjugate base (such as NH₃) the following is given:

K_{a}\times K_{b}={[H_{3}O^{+}][NH_{3}] \over [NH_{4}^{+}]}\times {[NH_{4}^{+}][OH^{-}] \over [NH_{3}]}=[H_{3}O^{+}][OH^{-}]

Since ${K_{w}}=[H_{3}O^{+}][OH^{-}]$ then, $K_{a}\times K_{b}=K_{w}$

By taking logarithms of both sides of the equation, the following is reached:

logK_{a}+logK_{b}=logK_{w}

Finally, multiplying throughout the equation by -1, the equation turns into:

pK_{a}+pK_{b}=pK_{w}=14.00

After acquiring pOH from the previous pOH formula, pH can be calculated using the formula pH = pK_w - pOH where pK_w = 14.00.

Weak bases exist in chemical equilibrium much in the same way as weak acids do, with a base dissociation constant (K_b) indicating the strength of the base. For example, when ammonia is put in water, the following equilibrium is set up:

{\mathrm {K_{b}={[NH_{4}^{+}][OH^{-}] \over [NH_{3}]}}}

Bases that have a large K_b will ionize more completely and are thus stronger bases. As stated above, pH of the solution depends on the H⁺ concentration, which is related to the OH⁻ concentration by the self-ionization constant (K_w = 1.0x10⁻¹⁴). A strong base has a lower H⁺ concentration because they are fully protonated and less hydrogen ions remain in the solution. A lower H⁺ concentration also means a higher OH⁻ concentration and therefore, a larger K_b.

NaOH (s) (sodium hydroxide) is a stronger base than (CH₃CH₂)₂NH (l) (diethylamine) which is a stronger base than NH₃ (g) (ammonia). As the bases get weaker, the smaller the K_b values become.

Percentage protonated

As seen above, the strength of a base depends primarily on pH. To help describe the strengths of weak bases, it is helpful to know the percentage protonated-the percentage of base molecules that have been protonated. A lower percentage will correspond with a lower pH because both numbers result from the amount of protonation. A weak base is less protonated, leading to a lower pH and a lower percentage protonated.

The typical proton transfer equilibrium appears as such:

B(aq)+H_{2}O(l)\leftrightarrow HB^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)

B represents the base.

Percentage\ protonated={molarity\ of\ HB^{+} \over \ initial\ molarity\ of\ B}\times 100\%={[{HB}^{+}] \over [B]_{{initial}}}{\times 100\%}

In this formula, [B]_initial is the initial molar concentration of the base, assuming that no protonation has occurred.

A typical pH problem

Calculate the pH and percentage protonation of a .20 M aqueous solution of pyridine, C₅H₅N. The K_b for C₅H₅N is 1.8 x 10⁻⁹.

First, write the proton transfer equilibrium:

{\mathrm {H_{2}O(l)+C_{5}H_{5}N(aq)\leftrightarrow C_{5}H_{5}NH^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)}}

K_{b}={\mathrm {[C_{5}H_{5}NH^{+}][OH^{-}] \over [C_{5}H_{5}N]}}

The equilibrium table, with all concentrations in moles per liter, is


	C₅H₅N	C₅H₆N⁺	OH⁻
initial normality	.20	0	0
change in normality	-x	+x	+x
equilibrium normality	.20 -x	x	x

Substitute the equilibrium molarities into the basicity constant	$K_{b}={\mathrm {1.8\times 10^{{-9}}}}={x\times x \over .20-x}$
We can assume that x is so small that it will be meaningless by the time we use significant figures.	${\mathrm {1.8\times 10^{{-9}}}}\approx {x^{2} \over .20}$
Solve for x.	${\mathrm x}\approx {\sqrt {.20\times (1.8\times 10^{{-9}})}}=1.9\times 10^{{-5}}$
Check the assumption that x << .20	${\mathrm 1}.9\times 10^{{-5}}\ll .20$ ; so the approximation is valid
Find pOH from pOH = -log [OH⁻] with [OH⁻]=x	${\mathrm p}OH\approx -log(1.9\times 10^{{-5}})=4.7$
From pH = pK_w - pOH,	${\mathrm p}H\approx 14.00-4.7=9.3$
From the equation for percentage protonated with [HB⁺] = x and [B]_initial = .20,	${\mathrm p}ercentage\ protonated={1.9\times 10^{{-5}} \over .20}\times 100\%=.0095\%$

This means .0095% of the pyridine is in the protonated form of C₅H₅NH⁺.

Examples

Alanine,
Ammonia, NH₃
Methylamine, CH₃NH₂

Other weak bases are essentially any bases not on the list of strong bases.

Simple Facts

An example of a weak base is ammonia. It does not contain hydroxide ions, but it reacts with water to produce ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.^[1]
The position of equilibrium varies from base to base when a weak base reacts with water. The further to the left it is, the weaker the base.^[2]

References

↑ Atkins, Peter, and Loretta Jones. Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight, 3rd Ed., New York: W.H. Freeman, 2005.
↑ Clark, Jim. "Strong and Weak Bases."N.p.,2002. Web.

External links

Explanation of strong and weak bases from ChemGuide
Guide to Weak Bases from Georgetown course notes
Article on Acidity of Solutions of Weak Bases from Intute

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