Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

"Donald Trump presidential campaign" redirects here. For the 2000 campaign, see Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000.
Donald J. Trump for President
Campaign Republican primaries, 2016
U.S. presidential election, 2016
Candidate Donald Trump
Chairman of The Trump Organization
(1971–present)
Mike Pence
50th Governor of Indiana
(2013–present)[1]
Affiliation Republican Party
Status Announced: June 16, 2015
Presumptive nominee: May 4, 2016
Official nominee: July 19, 2016
Won election: November 9, 2016
Headquarters Trump Tower
Manhattan, New York[2]
Key people Stephen Bannon (Chief executive)
Kellyanne Conway (Campaign manager)
David Bossie (Deputy campaign manager)
Katrina Pierson (National spokesperson)
Hope Hicks (Press secretary)
Michael Glassner (Deputy campaign manager)
Daniel Scavino Jr. (Director of social media)
Ben Carson (VP Selection Committee Leader)
Jeff Sessions (Chairman of National Security Committee)
Michael T. Flynn (Military Advisor)
Omarosa Manigault (Director of African American Outreach)
Rudy Giuliani (Senior Advisor)
Roger Ailes (Debate Prep Advisor)
Mike Pence (White House Transition Chairman)
Bill Palatucci (Former White House Transition Coordinator, removed from position November 2016)
Michael Cohen (Special Counsel)
Arthur Culvahouse (VP Vetter)
Rick Gates (Deputy Convention Manager)[3]
Steven Cheung (Rapid Response Director)[4]
Paul Manafort (Campaign chairman; left campaign on August 19, 2016)
Corey Lewandowski (Campaign manager; left campaign on June 20, 2016)
Roger Stone (Political adviser; left campaign on August 8, 2015)
Sam Nunberg (Political adviser; left campaign on August 3, 2015)[5]
Michael Caputo (Head of Communications; left campaign on June 20, 2016)[6]
Brad Parscale (Digital director)
Receipts US$91,298,110 (June 2016[7])
Slogan Make America Great Again
Website
www.donaldjtrump.com

The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump, an American businessman, television personality, and author, was formally launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump served the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses, and delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[8] He chose Indiana governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8, 2016, Trump and Pence were elected president and vice president of the United States.

Trump's populist[9][10] positions in opposition to illegal immigration and various trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership,[11][12][13][14] earned him support especially among male voters, white[15] blue-collar voters and voters without college degrees.[16][17] Some of his remarks were controversial and helped his campaign garner extensive coverage by the mainstream media, trending topics, and social media.[18][19]

Trump's disdain for political correctness was a staple theme of his campaign and proved popular among his supporters.[20] Some mainstream commentators and some prominent Republicans viewed him as appealing to racism,[21] a charge that he "repeatedly and vehemently denies."[22] Trump's most polarizing and widely reported statements were about issues of immigration and border security, especially his proposed deportation of all illegal immigrants, the proposed construction of a substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border at Mexican expense, his characterizations of many Mexican immigrants as "criminals, drug dealers, rapists, etc",[23][24][25][26] and a temporary ban on foreign Muslims entering the U.S. (which he later modified to apply to people originating from countries with a history of terrorism against the United States or its allies).[27][28]

Trump's campaign rallies attracted large crowds, as well as public controversy. Some of the events were marked by incidents of violence between Trump supporters and protesters, perceived mistreatment of some journalists, and disruption by a large group of protesters who effectively shut down a major rally in Chicago. Trump was accused[29] of inciting violence at his rallies.[30][31][32]

Background

Since the 1988 presidential election, Trump was discussed as a potential candidate for President in nearly every election.[33][34][35] In October 1999, Trump declared himself a potential candidate for the Reform Party's presidential nomination,[36] but withdrew on February 14, 2000.[37] In 2004, Trump said that he identified as a Democrat.[38] Trump rejoined the Republican Party in September 2009, chose no party affiliation in December 2011, and again rejoined the GOP in April 2012. [39]

In early 2011, presidential speculation reached its highest point and Trump began to take a lead in polls among Republican candidates in the 2012 election. At the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference, Trump said he is "pro-life" and "against gun control".[40][41][42] He also spoke before Tea Party supporters.[43][44][45]

Early polls for the 2012 election had Trump among the leading candidates.[46][47][48][49] In December 2011, Trump placed sixth in the "ten most admired men and women living of 2011" USA Today/Gallup telephone survey.[50] However, Trump announced in May 2011 that he would not be a candidate for the office.[51][52]

In 2013, Trump researched a possible run for President of the United States in 2016.[53] In October 2013, some New York Republicans suggested Trump should insteadrun for governor of the state in 2014,[54] including Joseph Borelli and Carl Paladino who later served as New York State Co-Chairmen for the presidential campaign. [55] In February 2015, Trump did not renew his television contract for The Apprentice, which raised speculation of his candidacy for President of the United States in 2016.[56] Later that year, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference.[57]

History

Announcement

Trump at an early campaign event in New Hampshire on July 16, 2015

Trump formally announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015, with a campaign rally and speech at Trump Tower in New York City. In his speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism. The campaign slogan was announced as "Make America Great Again".[58] Trump declared that he would self-fund his presidential campaign, and would refuse any money from donors and lobbyists.[64]

Following the announcement, most of the media's attention focused on Trump's comment on illegal immigration: "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best... They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with [them]. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people."[65][66] Trump's statement was controversial and led several businesses and organizations—including NBC, Macy's, Univision, and NASCAR—to cut ties with Trump.[67] Reactions from other presidential candidates were mixed, with some Republican candidates disagreeing with the tone of Trump's remarks yet supporting the core idea that illegal immigration is an important campaign issue, while other Republican candidates, along with the leading Democratic candidates, condemning Trump's remarks and his policy stances as offensive or inflammatory.[83]

After the public backlash, Trump stood by his comments, citing news articles to back his claims. Trump clarified that he intended his comments to be aimed solely at the government of Mexico, specifically for using the insecure border as a means of transferring criminals into the United States and said he did not intend his comments to refer to immigrants themselves.[89]

Early campaign

Trump signs the Republican loyalty pledge promising to support the candidate nominated by the party and to not run as a third-party candidate,[lower-alpha 1] if he failed to clinch the nomination.

Following his June 2015 announcement, Trump traveled to several early primary states including Iowa and New Hampshire to campaign ahead of the 2016 Republican primaries.[93] By early July 2015, Trump was campaigning in the West, giving rallies and speeches in Las Vegas and Los Angeles.[97][98] On July 23, he visited the Mexican border and planned to meet with border guards. The meeting did not take place due to the intervention of the national border guard union.[99]

In July, the Federal Election Commission released details of Trump's wealth and financial holdings that he submitted when he became a Republican presidential candidate. The report showed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $265 million.[100][101] Shortly afterwards, Trump's campaign released a statement stating that his net worth is over $10 billion,[102] although Forbes estimated it to be $4 billion . On August 6, 2015, the first Republican primary debate took place on Fox News. During the debate, Trump refused to rule out a third-party candidacy.[103] Eventually, in September 2015, Trump signed a pledge promising his allegiance to the Republican Party.[104]

On August 21, 2015, the Federal Election Commission released a list of filings from super PACs backing candidates in the 2016 presidential race, which revealed Trump to be the only major presidential candidate among the Republican candidates who appeared not to have a super PAC supporting his candidacy.[105] Two months later, the Make America Great Again PAC, which had collected $1.74 million and spent around $500,000 on polling, consulting, and other activities,[106] was shut down after The Washington Post revealed multiple connections to the Trump campaign.[107][108]

Border wall and illegal immigration

In his announcement speech, Trump promised that he would build "a great, great wall" on the United States–Mexico border, and emphasized that proposal throughout his campaign, further stating that the construction of the wall would be paid for by Mexico.[65][109] Trump proposed a broader crackdown on illegal immigration, and, in a July 6 statement, claimed that the Mexican government is "forcing their most unwanted people into the United States"—"in many cases, criminals, drug dealers, rapists, etc."[110] In his first town hall meeting in Derry, New Hampshire on August 19, 2015, Trump stated: "Day 1 of my presidency, they're getting out and getting out fast."[111] Trump's Republican rival Jeb Bush stated that "Trump is wrong on this" and "to make these extraordinarily kind of ugly comments is not reflective of the Republican Party".[112] Trump acknowledged that Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus asked him to tone down his rhetoric on immigration reform and stated that his conversations with the Republican National Committee were "congratulatory" as well.[113]

Trump and supporters attend a rally in Muscatine, Iowa, in January 2016.

At a July 2015 rally in Phoenix, Arizona, Trump was welcomed by the Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, turning over the lectern for part of his speech to a supporter whose child was killed in Los Angeles in 2008 by a Mexican-born gang member.[114] The brother of Kate Steinle, who was murdered in San Francisco by an illegal immigrant, criticized Trump for politicizing his sister's death.[115][116]

U.S. Senator Ted Cruz praised Trump for giving attention to illegal immigration, while Congressman Steve King also defended Trump's remarks about illegal immigration and crime.[86][117][118]

Univision announced it would no longer carry broadcasts of the Miss USA Pageant.[119] In response, Trump indicated the matter would be handled by legal action, and followed through by filing a $500 million lawsuit against Univision. The complaint asserted that Univision was attempting to suppress Trump's First Amendment rights by putting pressure on his business ventures.[120] NBC announced it would not air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageant.[121][122] Afterwards, the multinational media company Grupo Televisa severed ties with Trump,[123] as did Ora TV,[124] a television network partly owned by Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim.[125] Trump gave the rights to broadcast the Miss Universe and Miss USA Pageants to the Reelz Channel.[126] Mexico,[127] Panama,[128] and Costa Rica[129] did not send representatives to the 2015 Miss Universe competition.[130]

Macy's announced it would phase out its Trump-branded merchandise.[131] Serta, a mattress manufacturer, also decided to drop their business relationship with Trump.[132] NASCAR ended sponsorship with Trump by announcing it would not hold its post-season awards banquet at the Trump National Doral Miami.[133]

Among the American public, reactions to Trump's border-wall proposal were polarized by party, with a large majority of Republicans supporting the proposal and a large majority of Democrats against it; overall, a September 2015 poll showed 48 percent of U.S. adults supporting Trump's proposal, while a March 2016 poll showed 34 percent of U.S. adults supporting it.[134][135]

Temporary Muslim ban proposal

In remarks made following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump stated that he would support a database for tracking Muslims in the United States and expanded surveillance of mosques.[136][137] Trump's support for an American Muslim database "drew sharp rebukes from his Republican presidential rivals and disbelief from legal experts."[138]

On December 7, 2015, in response to the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump further called for a temporary ban on any Muslims entering the country. He issued a written statement saying, "Donald J. Trump is calling for a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on," which he repeated at subsequent political rallies.[139][140][141]

The next day, December 8, 2015, the Pentagon issued a statement of concern, stating Trump's remarks could strengthen the resolve of ISIL.[142] The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, and the Prime Minister of France, Manuel Valls, both issued statements in response to Trump's press release condemning him.[143][144] However, Geert Wilders, leader of the right-wing Party for Freedom in the Netherlands applauded his remarks calling them "brave" and "good for Europe".[145] Nigel Farage of the UK Independence Party called it "perhaps a political mistake too far"[146] and even Marine Le Pen of the far-right French National Front distanced herself from the idea.[147] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also rejected Trump's proposal, prompting Trump to "postpone" a planned trip to Israel.[148] Trump was also criticized by leading Republican Party figures, including Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus.[149]

Trump justified his proposals by repeatedly saying that he recalled "thousands and thousands of people … cheering" in Jersey City, New Jersey, when the World Trade Center towers fell on September 11, 2001.[136][150] A blog called PolitiFacto claimed that this claim was false and was based on debunked and unproven rumors.[138][151][152]

Following Trump's controversial comments on Muslim immigration, a petition[153] was begun on the British Parliament's e-petition website, calling on the UK government's Home Secretary to bar him from entering the country. The total number of signatures exceeded the required half-million threshold to trigger a parliamentary debate.[154][155] On January 18, the UK's House of Commons debated whether to ban Trump from the country; however, while some in the House condemned Trump's remarks and described them as "crazy" and "offensive", most were opposed to intervening in the electoral process of another country, and a vote was not taken.[156][157]

Trump later appeared to modify his position on Muslims. In May he stated that his proposed ban was "just a suggestion". In June he stated that the temporary ban would apply to people originating from countries with a proven history of terrorism against the United States or its allies.[158] He also commented that it "wouldn't bother me" if Muslims from Scotland entered the United States.[159]

Trump caused further controversy when he recounted an apocryphal story about how U.S. general John J. Pershing shot Muslim terrorists with pig's blood-dipped bullets in order to deter them during the Moro Rebellion. His comments were strongly denounced by the Council on American-Islamic Relations.[160][161][162][163]

Primary front-runner

Trump had high poll numbers during the primaries.[164][165] A survey conducted by The Economist/YouGov released July 9, 2015, was the first major nationwide poll to show Trump as the 2016 Republican presidential front-runner.[166] A Suffolk/USA Today poll released on July 14, 2015, showed Trump with 17 percent support among Republican voters, with Jeb Bush at 14 percent.[167] A Washington Post/ABC News poll taken on July 16–19, showed Trump had 24 percent Republican support, over Scott Walker at 13 percent.[168] A CNN/ORC poll showed Trump in the lead at 18 percent support among Republican voters, over Jeb Bush at 15 percent,[169][170] and a CBS News poll from show of August 4ed Trump with 24 percent support, Bush second at 13 percent, and Walker third at 10 percent.[171]

A CNN/ORC poll taken August 13–16, 2015, in the swing states of Florida, Ohio and Pennsylvania showed Trump ahead of, or narrowly trailing Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in direct match-ups in those states.[172] In Florida, Trump led by two points, and in both Ohio and Pennsylvania, he was within five points of Clinton.[173]

Trump had a persistently high popularity among Republican and leaning-Republican minority voters.[174][175][176][177] Surveys taken in late 2015 showed Trump polling unfavorably among women and non-white voters, with 64 percent of women viewing Trump unfavorably and 74 percent of non-white voters having a negative view of the candidate, according to a November 2015 ABC News/Washington Post poll.[178] A Public Religion Research Institute survey in November 2015 found that many of his supporters were working class voters with negative feelings towards migrants, as well as strong financial concerns.[179][180]

Trump's status as the consistent front-runner for the Republican nomination led to him being featured on the cover of Time magazine in August 2015, with the caption: "Deal with it."[181]

Caucuses and primaries

Trump campaign logo during the primaries and prior to selection of Mike Pence as running mate

In the lead-up to the Iowa caucus, poll averages showed Trump as the front-runner with a roughly four percent lead.[182] Ted Cruz came in first in the vote count, ahead of Trump. Cruz, who campaigned strongly among evangelical Christians,[183] was supported by church pastors that coordinated a volunteer campaign to get out the vote.[184] Before the Iowa vote, an email from the Cruz campaign falsely implied that Ben Carson was about to quit the race, encouraging Carson's supporters to vote for Cruz instead.[185][186] Trump later posted on Twitter, "Many people voted for Cruz over Carson because of this Cruz fraud", and wrote, "Ted Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it."[187]

Following his loss in Iowa, Trump rebounded in the New Hampshire primary, coming in first place with 35 percent of the vote, the biggest victory in a New Hampshire Republican primary since at least 2000.[188][189] Trump "tapped into a deep well of anxiety among Republicans and independents in New Hampshire, according to exit polling data", running strongest among voters who feared "illegal immigrants, incipient economic turmoil and the threat of a terrorist attack in the United States".[188] Trump commented that in the run-up to the primary, his campaign had "learned a lot about ground games in a week".[190]

This was followed by another wide victory in South Carolina, furthering his lead among the Republican candidates.[191][192] He won the Nevada caucus on February 24 with a landslide 45.9 percent of the vote, his biggest victory yet; Marco Rubio placed second with 23.9 percent.[193][194]

By May 2016, Trump held a commanding lead in the number of state contests won and in the delegate count. After Trump won the Indiana contest, Cruz dropped out of the race.[195] He had called Indiana a pivotal opportunity to stop Trump from clinching the nomination. Following Trump's Indiana win, Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus, among others, called Trump the party's presumptive nominee, though he noted that Trump still needed more delegates to clinch the nomination.[196]

Rallies and crowds

Trump held large rallies during his campaign,[197][198][199] routinely packing arenas and high school gymnasiums with crowds.[200]

A Trump rally on July 11, 2015, in Phoenix, Arizona, "drew several thousand people to the Phoenix Convention Center, making it one of the largest events for any candidate so far, though short of the crowd of 10,000 predicted by the Trump campaign".[201][202] Trump was introduced by Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio. During his speech, Trump invoked Richard Nixon's "silent majority" speech, saying "The silent majority is back."[201]

On August 21, Trump held a campaign rally at the Ladd-Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama, with approximately 30,000 people in attendance.[203]

Trump's campaign released approximately 20,000 tickets for a 1,400-person venue for a January 7 rally in Burlington, Vermont. Ultimately, 2,000 people lined up at the door, and the campaign imposed a loyalty test at the door, admitting only Trump loyalists.[204][205]

On March 16, 2016, a group calling itself the "Lion Guard" was formed to offer additional security at Trump rallies. The group was quickly condemned by most mainstream political activists as a paramilitary fringe organization.[206]

In the final month of his campaign, Donald Trump used the phrase "drain the swamp" in his rallies, pledging his supporters to "make our government honest once again."[207][208][209]

Violence and expulsions at rallies

Trump rally at UIC Pavilion in Chicago on March 11, 2016, immediately after news of Trump's cancellation of attendance of the event
Anti-Trump protesters outside arena as Chicago rally is shut down on March 11, 2016

There were verbal and physical confrontations between Trump supporters and protesters at Trump's campaign events, some committed by Trump supporters and others by anti-Trump demonstrators. A number of protesters were asked to leave, removed by security, or arrested for trespassing at Trump's campaign events.[210][211] There also were incidents near Trump properties related to the campaign.[212][213][214][215]

On several occasions in late 2015 and early 2016, Trump was accused of encouraging violence and escalating tension at campaign events.[216][217][218] Prior to November he used to tell his rallies "Get 'em (protesters) out, but don't hurt 'em."[219] But in November 2015, Trump said of a protester in Birmingham, Alabama, "Maybe he should have been roughed up, because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."[219] On February 1 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he told the crowd there might be tomato-throwing protesters, and urged his audience to "knock the crap out of 'em" if anyone should try. "I promise you, I will pay the legal fees", he added.[220] On February 23, 2016, at a rally in Las Vegas, Trump reacted to a protester by saying "I love the old days—you know what they used to do to guys like that when they were in a place like this? They'd be carried out on a stretcher, folks", adding "I'd like to punch him in the face."[221][222][223] On March 9 a Trump supporter was charged with assault after he sucker-punched a protester who was being led out of the event.[224] When Trump was asked if he would pay the man's legal fees, Trump said he was "looking into it", although he "doesn't condone violence in any shape".[225] The local sheriff's office considered filing charges against Trump for "inciting a riot" at that event, but concluded there was not sufficient evidence to charge him.[226]

Presumptive nominee and party reaction

On May 3, Trump became the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party after his victory in Indiana and the withdrawal of the last competitors, Ted Cruz and John Kasich, from the race.[227]

Some Republicans declined to support Trump's candidacy, including former primary rival Jeb Bush (who announced that he would not vote for Trump) and Bush's father and brother, former presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush (who announced that they would not endorse Trump).[228] Paul Ryan announced that he was "not ready" to endorse Trump for the presidency.[229] On May 8, Trump's campaign said that he would not rule out a bid to remove Ryan from his post as chairman of the 2016 Republican National Convention,[230] and the following day, Ryan said that he would step down as convention chairman if asked by Trump to do so.[231] On June 2, Ryan announced that he would vote for Trump.[232]

Senator Jeff Sessions was the first sitting U.S. senator to endorse Trump.[233] Other prominent Republicans, such as Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, governors Bobby Jindal and Rick Perry, and former senator and Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole, announced that they will support Trump's candidacy.[228][234][235] McConnell stated, "The right-of-center world needs to respect the fact that the primary voters have spoken."[236]

On May 26, Trump secured his 1,238th delegate, achieving a majority of the available delegates.[237]

In June 2016, two groups of Republican delegates opposed to Trump emerged. Free the Delegates sought to change the convention rules to include a 'conscience clause' that would allow delegates bound to Trump to vote against him.[238][239] Delegates Unbound engaged in "an effort to convince delegates that they have the authority and the ability to vote for whomever they want".[240][241] According to the group, "There is no language supporting binding in the temporary rules of the convention, which are the only rules that matter" and "barring any rules changes at the convention, delegates can vote their conscience on the first ballot."[240][241]

General election campaign staff

On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the Presidency in the event of a Trump victory.[242] In November 2016, after calls for his impeachment as Governor and felony convictions in U.S. federal court for high-ranking members of his staff in the Bridgegate scandal, Christie was dropped by Trump as leader of the transition team, in favor of Mike Pence.[243][244]

On June 20, 2016, Trump fired his campaign manager Corey Lewandowski, reportedly in response to lagging fund raising and campaign infrastructure, as well as power struggles within the campaign, according to multiple GOP sources. Paul Manafort, Trump's campaign chairman, who was brought in during the primary to prepare for a contested convention, assumed the role of chief strategist.[245][246]

Kevin Kellems, a veteran GOP strategist and former aide to Vice President Dick Cheney, resigned from Trump's staff after he was appointed to help inspect the campaign's surrogate operations.[247] Erica Freeman, another aide to Trump who worked with surrogates, also resigned.[247]

Kellyanne Conway at Conservative Political Action Conference 2016

In June 2016, Trump hired Jason Miller to assist the communications operation.[247] On July 1, 2016, Trump announced he hired Kellyanne Conway, a veteran GOP strategist and canvasser, for a senior advisory position.[247] Conway, who formerly backed Cruz, was expected to advise Trump on how to better appeal to female voters.[247] Conway had headed a pro–Cruz super PAC funded by hedge-fund tycoon Robert Mercer. After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination, the PAC morphed into the "Defeat Crooked Hillary PAC". When the Trump campaign hired Conway, it referred to her as "widely regarded as an expert on female consumers and voters."[248] Conway became the first woman to run a Republican general election presidential campaign.[249]

On August 17, 2016, Trump announced Breitbart News executive chairman Stephen Bannon as the campaign chief executive and promoted Conway to campaign manager, replacing Paul Manafort who had been handling those duties unofficially. Manafort had been criticized in the media for connections to former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich[250] and other dictators.[251] Although Manafort initially retained the title of campaign chairman,[252][253] he resigned as campaign chairman on August 19, 2016.[254][255]

In September 2016, Trump hired David Bossie, longtime president of the conservative advocacy group Citizens United, to be his new deputy campaign manager.[256]

Selection of running mate

Pence's first campaign stop in Waukesha, Wisconsin

From early to mid-July, various media outlets widely reported that Trump's short list for his pick as vice president and running mate had narrowed to Indiana governor Mike Pence, New Jersey governor Chris Christie, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.[257][258][259]

On July 15, 2016, Trump officially announced via Twitter that he had chosen Mike Pence to be his running mate.[260] Pence was introduced as the running mate the next day.[261] Pence formally accepted the nomination on July 20 at the Republican National Convention.

On October 27, 2016, Pence's Boeing 737-700 airplane fishtailed off the runway at LaGuardia Airport in New York during landing. There were no injuries reported among those on board, which included members of the press in the back of the plane. As a result of the accident, Pence cancelled a campaign event that night, though said on Twitter that he would be back campaigning the next day on October 28. [262][263][264]

Political positions

Trump has stated that he is a "conservative Republican".[265] Commentators Norman Ornstein and William Kristol labeled his collective political positions as "Trumpism".[266][267] The Wall Street Journal used the term in drawing parallels with populist movements in China and the Philippines.[268] From an external political perspective, German Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel termed Trump a right-wing populist similar to Marine Le Pen, Geert Wilders or Silvio Berlusconi.[269] In 1988 at the Republican National Convention Donald Trump was asked by Larry King on CNN, "You might be classified as an Eastern Republican, Rockefeller Republican. Fair?" To which Donald Trump replied, "I guess you can say that". When Mr. Trump was considering to run against Andrew Cuomo for Governor of New York, Trump was dubbed as a "Conservative Rockefeller Republican".[270]

Campaign branding

The initial campaign wordmark was featured extensively in campaign merchandise.

The campaign draws heavily on Trump's personal image, enhanced by his previous media exposure. Prior to his presidential bid, The Trump Organization also relied on the 'Trump' surname as a key part of its marketing strategy. Consequently, the 'Trump' name was in widespread use in the U.S. well before the presidential campaign itself started. Due to successful branding and media coverage, Trump soon gained a leverage in the race despite spending comparatively little on advertising himself.[271][272]

Initial updated Trump campaign logo reflecting the adoption of Mike Pence as Donald Trump's vice-presidential candidate, but later replaced[273]

Before the announcement of Mike Pence as running mate in July 2016, the campaign relied on a wordmark of the 'Trump' surname capitalised and set in the bold Akzidenz-Grotesk typeface. Following the announcement, the campaign unveiled a new logo combining the names of the two candidates by featuring an interlocking 'T' and 'P', formed to create the image of the American flag.[274] The logo became the subject of parodies that interpreted the symbol as being sexually suggestive; the campaign revised the logo shortly afterward to remove the flag and interlocking symbol, leaving the wordmark.[275][276]

Make America Great Again slogan worn by Trump supporter

The primary slogan of the Trump campaign, extensively used on campaign merchandise, is Make America Great Again. The red baseball cap with the slogan emblazoned on the front became a symbol of the campaign, and is frequently donned by Trump and his supporters.[277]

In addition, UK big data voter opinion influencer Cambridge Analytics was hired by the Trump campaign in 2016.[278]

Ground game

In October 2016, the Trump campaign had 178 field offices compared to Clinton's 489.[279] The Trump campaign's number of field offices lag far behind those Romney and Obama in 2012.[279] Political science research showed that field offices had a modest positive effect on a candidate's vote share.[279][280] The Trump campaign is reportedly almost fully reliant on the Republican National Committee for field offices in swing states.[279] As the field offices are organized by state and local Republican parties, they may not be strategically located in terms of boosting turnout for the Republican presidential candidate.[279]

Media coverage

Trump spent only a modest amount on advertising during the primary—$10 million through February 2016, far behind opponents such as Jeb Bush ($82 million), Marco Rubio ($55 million), and Ted Cruz ($22 million).[281] Trump benefited from free media more than any other candidate. From the beginning of his campaign through February 2016, Trump received almost $2 billion in free media attention, twice the amount that Hillary Clinton received.[281] Trump earned $400 million alone in the month of February.[281] According to data from the Tyndall Report, which tracks nightly news content, through February 2016, Trump alone accounted for more than a quarter of all 2016 election coverage on the evening newscasts of NBC, CBS and ABC, more than all the Democratic campaigns combined.[282][283][284] Observers noted Trump's ability to garner constant mainstream media coverage "almost at will".[285]

In response, a petition to "Stop promoting Donald Trump" accused the media of giving Trump endless airtime for the purpose of increasing viewership and ratings and quickly amassed over 200,000 signatures.[286] The media's coverage of Trump generated some disagreement as to its effect on his campaign.[287] John Sides of The Washington Post argued that Trump's success was because of the mass news coverage,[288] yet a later article in The Washington Post stated that he remained successful in spite of the drop in media attention.[289] On September 21, 2015, Politico said, "blaming the press for the Trump surge neglects the salient fact that so much of the coverage of him has been darkly negative."[290] However, Barry Bennett—senior adviser to Trump—said in response to the high amount of interviews Trump has given:

Well the demand is pretty high so it's hard not to do them. And it's free media. And we've literally gotten hundreds of millions of dollars worth of free media. No other candidate can talk when everybody is talking about you. So there's some strategic benefit to it.[291]
Trump speaks at an Arizona rally in March 2016.

In a January 2016 interview with CBS, Trump said of his campaign's plans to purchase advertising; "I think I'm probably wasting the money. But I'm $35 million under budget. Look, I was going to have 35 or 40 million spent by now. I haven't spent anything. I almost feel guilty … I'm leading by, as you all say, a lot. You can take the CBS poll. You can take any poll and I'm winning by a lot. I don't think I need the ads. But I'm doing them. I almost feel guilty."[292][293][294]

In February 2016, in response to complaints from Trump that Fox News reporter Megyn Kelly would be unfair to him in a Republican primary debate preceding the Iowa caucuses, Fox released a sarcastic statement about Trump, saying they were "surprised he's willing to show that much fear", regarding Kelly.[295] Trump responded by criticizing the "wise-guy press release" and withdrew from the debate, instead hosting a competing event in the state designed to raise money for wounded veterans on the day of the debate.[296][297]

Trump frequently criticized the media for writing what he alleged to be false stories about him and referred to them as being the "worst people"[298] and he has called upon his supporters to be "the silent majority", apparently referencing the media.[201] At a rally in Fort Worth, Texas, in February 2016, Trump stated that if elected he would "open up our libel laws so when they write purposely negative and horrible and false articles, we can sue them and win lots of money". Trump specifically alleged that reporting about him by The New York Times and The Washington Post has included falsehoods.[299][300] Trump says the media "put false meaning into the words I say", and says he does not mind being criticized by the media as long as they are honest about it.[301][302]

General election TV ads

The Trump campaign released its first general election TV ad in August 2016.[303] The Washington Post fact-checker found it to be factually inaccurate, giving the ad "four Pinocchios", its lowest rating for truthfulness.[303]

Relationships with people and groups

Black communities

According to some polling data, it appeared that Trump was receiving little support from African Americans. In a Morning Consult national poll in August 2016, only five percent of black voters said they intend to vote for Trump.[304] However, Trump ended up receiving 8% of the African-American vote (about half a million more votes than Mitt Romney received in 2012).[305] Starting in July and August, in an effort to improve his appeal to black Americans and make a direct appeal for their votes, Trump was vocal in expressing concern for their situations. Speaking in Virginia on August 23, 2016, Trump said, "You're living in your poverty, your schools are no good, you have no jobs, 58 percent of your youth is unemployed – what the hell do you have to lose by trying something new, like Trump?" He further said, "Look. It is a disaster the way African-Americans are living...We'll get rid of the crime...You'll be able to walk down the street without getting shot."[306] On September 3, Trump visited a black congregation in Detroit, Michigan, the Great Faith Ministries International Church, accompanied by former Republican presidential candidate Dr. Ben Carson, and attended a church service. Trump was interviewed afterward by Bishop Wayne T. Jackson for later broadcast on the church's cable channel.[307] He also visited Dr. Carson's childhood home.[308]

On September 15, as Trump was addressing a small assembly at Bethel United Methodist Church in Flint, Michigan, the pastor, Faith Green Timmmons, interrupted him as he criticized Clinton, asking him not to "give a political speech". Trump complied. [309]

Omarosa, the director of African-American outreach for Trump's presidential campaign,[310] said in a Frontline special that "Every critic, every detractor, will have to bow down to President Trump. It's everyone who's ever doubted Donald, who ever disagreed, who ever challenged him. It is the ultimate revenge to become the most powerful man in the universe."[311]

Business community

No Fortune 100 CEO donated to Trump's presidential campaign. Eleven donated to Trump's rival Clinton, and 89 contributed to neither candidate. This represents a substantial shift from the 2012 presidential election, in which Republican nominee Mitt Romney received major support from top American business executives.[312][313]

In May 2016, the president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce commented that the business community is cautious about both Trump and Clinton, adding that there "hasn't been much support from the business community for either of them."[314] Members of the business community who endorsed Trump include investors T. Boone Pickens, Carl Icahn and Wilbur Ross, Home Depot co-founder Ken Langone, and entrepreneur and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel.[315][316][317] As of January 2016, small and mid-size business owners and officers were second to retirees as the most common donors to Trump's campaign. Reasons cited for their support of Trump included opposition to Obamacare and immigration, as well as feeling "fed up with politicians".[318] In a survey conducted in late January 2016, 38 percent of small business owners indicated that they believed Trump would be the best president for small business, while 21 percent selected Hillary Clinton.[319]

Other members of the business community were critical of Trump. In June 2016, the Clinton campaign released a list of endorsements from more than 50 current and former business leaders, including several longtime Republicans.[320] The group included longtime Democrats and Clinton supporters, like Warren Buffett and Marc Benioff, as well as independents or Republicans who had recently switched sides, like Daniel Akerson and Hamid R. Moghadam.[315][321]

Conservative movement

Trump delivering a speech in August 2016

Trump's right-wing populist positions—nativist, protectionist, and semi-isolationist—differ in many ways from traditional conservatism.[322] He opposes many free trade deals and military interventionist policies that conservatives generally support, and opposes cuts in Medicare and Social Security benefits. While insisting that Washington is "broken" and can only be fixed by an outsider,[11][323][324] Washington-based conservatives were surprised by the popular support for his positions.[322]

Trump polled well with Tea Party voters, and politicians with strong tea party ties, such as Sarah Palin and Michele Bachmann, similarly endorsed Trump.[325][326][327][328]

Some prominent conservatives praised Trump. Newt Gingrich described him as the latest incarnation of the Reagan Revolution, and had said that his election would be "very healthy for America".[329] In the aftermath of Trump's statements regarding the Khan's, Gingrich later said that Trump was making himself a less acceptable candidate for the presidency than Hillary Clinton, but that "Trump is vastly better than Hillary as President".[330][331] Rush Limbaugh, while clearly favoring Ted Cruz, relished the degree to which Trump exposed the conservative establishment as an elitist self-interested clique.[332][333] Sean Hannity was an unapologetic advocate for Trump and endorsed him.[334][335] David Horowitz praised Trump for courage and for rejecting political correctness, and he attacked "Never Trump" Republicans as reckless and blind.[336][337]

Other conservative commentators were strongly opposed to him. National Review released a January 2016 special issue called "Against Trump", in opposition to Trump's bid for the presidency.[338][339][340] William Kristol, publisher of The Weekly Standard, was highly critical of Trump and carried on a public search for an independent candidate to run against Trump and Clinton in the general election, citing a "patriotic obligation to try and offer the American people a third way".[341][342] Columnist George Will, who often had been critical of Trump, quit the Republican party in June 2016 because of Trump's impending nomination, saying: "This is not my party".[343] Michael A. Needham, CEO of the conservative advocacy organization Heritage Action, was deeply critical of Trump. "Donald Trump's a clown. He needs to be out of the race," Needham said on Fox News Sunday.[344]

Economists

On November 1, 2016, the Wall Street Journal published an open letter signed by 370 economists, including eight Nobel laureates, who stated that Trump would be a "dangerous, destructive" choice for president and which encouraged voters to vote for some other candidate. The letter stated that Trump "misinforms the electorate, degrades trust in public institutions with conspiracy theories, and promotes willful delusion over engagement with reality"; that "If elected, he poses a unique danger (...) to the prosperity of the country"; and that he "promotes magical thinking and conspiracy theories over sober assessments of feasible economic policy options".[345][346]

Peter Navarro of the University of California, Irvine, one of Trump's senior economic advisers, called the letter "an embarrassment to the corporate offshoring wing of the economist profession who continues to insist bad trade deals are good for America." He pointed to a letter signed in September by another group of economists, 305 in total, including one Nobel laureate and two former directors of the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office which stated "Hillary Clinton's economic agenda is wrong for America." [347][348]

Fox News and Megyn Kelly

Trump was one of ten candidates in the main Fox News debate on August 6, 2015. Bret Baier questioned Trump about Obamacare,[349] Chris Wallace asked him about Mexican illegal immigrants,[350] and Megyn Kelly asked about how he would respond to the Clinton campaign saying that he was waging a "war on women".[351] Trump replied, "I think the big problem this country has is being politically correct."[352]

In a later interview with Don Lemon on CNN Tonight, Trump said that Kelly is a "lightweight" and had "blood coming out of her eyes, blood coming out of her... wherever."[353][354] Trump tweeted that his remark referred to Kelly's nose but was interpreted by critics as a reference to menstruation.[355]

Trump retained his first place standing after the debate, with an NBC News poll showing him at 23 percent support[356] and a Reuters/Ipsos poll at 24 percent,[357] followed by Ted Cruz at 13 percent and Ben Carson at 11 percent.[358]

Following the Megyn Kelly incident, Roger Stone, Trump's veteran political adviser, left the campaign, citing "controversies involving personalities and provocative media fights".[359] Despite this, Stone remained a Trump confidant[360] and said in an interview with National Review that he is "the ultimate Trump loyalist".[361]

In March 2016, Trump resumed his feud with Fox News and Kelly in a number of Twitter messages disparaging Kelly and calling for a boycott of her show. Fox News responded with a statement saying that Trump's behavior was an "extreme, sick obsession" beneath the dignity of a presidential nominee.[362][363]

In April 2016, Kelly met with Trump at Trump Tower at her request to "clear the air". Following the meeting, Trump stated that Kelly was "very, very nice" and regarding the meeting: "Maybe it was time... By the way, in all fairness, I give her a lot of credit" for requesting it.[364]

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Donald Trump speaking at a rally in Phoenix, Arizona

Trump's popularity among Hispanic and Latino Americans was low according to polling data; a nationwide survey conducted in February 2016 showed that some 80 percent of Hispanic voters had an unfavorable view of Trump (including 70 percent who had a "very unfavorable" view), more than double the percentage of any other Republican candidate.[365] These low rankings are attributed to Trump's anti-immigrant rhetoric.[365][366][367] Alarm at Trump's rise prompted an increase in the number of eligible Latino immigrants who have chosen to naturalize to vote against him.[367] Despite his poor national standing with Hispanic and Latino Americans, he had constantly garnered higher numbers from them than each of his Republican rivals, along with other minority groups.[174][175] At the same time, Trump received pockets of Hispanic support, winning around 45 percent (plus or minus 10 percentage points) of the Hispanic Republican vote in the Nevada Republican caucuses (where about 8 percent of Republican caucus-goers were Hispanic),[368][369] and receiving some support among Cuban Americans in Florida.[370] Despite expectations of low Latino support, Trump received about 29% of the Hispanic vote, slightly more than Romney received in 2012.[371]

In August 2016, Trump created and met with a Hispanic advisory council.[372] He also hinted publicly that he might soften his call for the deportation of all undocumented immigrants.[373][374] On August 31, 2016, he made a visit to Mexico and met with Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, saying he wanted to build relations in the country.[375] However, in a major speech later that night, Trump laid out a 10-step plan reaffirming his hardline positions, and used harsh rhetoric to portray many illegal immigrants as a danger to Americans.[376][377] In reaction, one member of Trump's Hispanic advisory council resigned, and several other Hispanic supporters said they were reconsidering their support.[378][379]

Jeb Bush

The Jeb Bush–Trump dynamic was one of the more contentious relationships among the Republican contenders.[380][381] Bush's campaign spent tens of millions of dollars on anti-Trump ads,[382][383][384] while in response Trump mocked Jeb Bush with the epithet that he was "low energy".[385][386][387] During an exchange with Jeb Bush in the ninth Republican primary debate, the audience (most favoring Bush) repeatedly booed Trump.[388][389][390][391] Trump scoffed that the audience was made up of "Jeb's special interests and lobbyists".[388][392]

According to The Washington Post, the most telling aspect of the Bush–Trump duel may have been the fact that, "No candidate in the race was prepared for GOP voters' opposition to immigration, with the exception of Trump", and the anti-illegal immigration sentiment that Trump tapped into throughout the campaign, and with the Act of Love advertisement.[393]

Bush did not attend the 2016 Republican National Convention and said he will not be voting for either Trump or Clinton, but will focus on Congressional elections. Bush's father George H. W. Bush and his brother George W. Bush also did not attend the convention and stated that they would avoid involvement in the campaign.[394]

John McCain

In July and August 2015, U.S. Senator John McCain (former presidential candidate, Vietnam War naval veteran, and prisoner of war) and Trump criticized each other on several occasions, primarily over their differing positions on immigration.[395] At a July 18, 2015, event Trump described McCain as a "loser" and added, "He's not a war hero. He was a war hero because he was captured. I like people who weren't captured."[396][397] His comments were heavily criticized; some of his primary rivals said he should withdraw from the race because of them.[396][398] At a later press availability Trump denied having said McCain is not a war hero, saying "If somebody's a prisoner, I consider them a war hero." At the same time, he criticized McCain for not having done enough for veterans.[395] McCain said Trump should apologize, not to him personally, but to former American prisoners of war and "the families of those who have sacrificed in conflict".[399][400] Trump declined to issue any apology.[401]

McCain continued to criticize Trump. In March 2016 he said he agreed with Mitt Romney's strong opposition to Trump and expressed concern about Trump's "uninformed and indeed dangerous statements" on national security issues.[402] In August he issued a lengthy statement denouncing Trump for criticizing the Muslim parents of a fallen American soldier and saying "I cannot emphasize enough how deeply I disagree with Mr. Trump's statement. I hope Americans understand that the remarks do not represent the views of our Republican Party, its officers, or candidates."[403]

Eventually, McCain endorsed Trump because he was the nominee of the Republican party.[404] On August 2, Trump stated that he was not endorsing McCain in his campaign for the Republican nomination for his existing Senate seat.[405] Three days later, however, he did endorse him, saying in prepared remarks, "I hold in the highest esteem Sen. John McCain for his service to our country in uniform and in public office and I fully support and endorse his reelection."[406] McCain later withdrew his endorsement following the Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording controversy in October 2016.[407]

Lindsey Graham

Republican Senator Lindsey Graham, a primary rival, was "one of Trump's fiercest critics". He called Trump a "race-baiting, xenophobic, religious bigot" and asserted that Trump doesn't have the temperament or judgment to be president.[408] After Trump attacked a federal judge for his Mexican heritage, Graham urged people who had endorsed Trump to rescind their endorsements, saying "This is the most un-American thing from a politician since Joe McCarthy."[409] Graham stated that he would vote for neither Trump nor Clinton.[410]

On July 21, 2015, Trump publicly gave out Graham's phone number during a speech in South Carolina as a response to Graham calling him a "jackass".[411][412] Graham released a statement on Twitter that he would "probably [be] getting a new phone"[411] and later released a video in which he destroyed his phone.[413] Gawker subsequently released a phone number belonging to Trump,[414] and he responded by setting the phone number to play a campaign message.[415][416]

Military

Support from top former U.S. military leaders is split between Clinton and Trump, and "[a]mong prominent ex-military and national-security leaders, the edge clearly belongs to Clinton."[417] Among ex-military leaders, Trump's most prominent supporter is retired Lieutenant General Michael T. Flynn.[417] An open letter endorsing Trump, signed by 88 retired generals and admirals (led by Sidney Shachnow), was released in September 2016.[418] This number is fewer than the 500 retired military officers who endorsed Republican nominee Mitt Romney in 2012.[417]

Trump led in polling of military veterans and military households in September 2016,[417][419] although his performance with this group "trails well behind that of other recent Republican candidates".[417]

Commander-in-Chief Forum

A live televised event hosted by IAVA [420] was presented on September 7, 2016, by NBC News and MSNBC. The candidates responded to questions from the audience in separate 1/2 hour segments: Clinton first followed by Trump. The objective was to focus exclusively on issues pertaining to defense, foreign policy, and veterans. The audience consisted of mostly retired veterans and active duty service members.[421]

Mitt Romney

On February 24, 2016, former presidential candidate Mitt Romney called on Trump to release his tax returns, suggesting they contain a "bombshell".[422][423] On March 3, Romney expanded his criticisms in a widely reported speech in which he said that Trump's economic plans would cause profound recession, criticized his foreign policy proposals as reckless and dangerous, and called him a "con man", a "fake", and a "phony", joking that Trump's promises are "as worthless as a degree from Trump University".[424][425] In June he expressed concern that some of the things Trump says could legitimize racism, and that Trump as president could cause "trickle-down racism, trickle-down bigotry, trickle-down misogyny, all these things (that) are extraordinarily dangerous to the heart and character of America".[426]

Unlike many other Republican critics who came around after Trump was confirmed as the presumptive nominee, Romney continued his "increasingly lonely" challenge to Trump. He explained, "I wanted my grandkids to see that I simply couldn't ignore what Mr. Trump was saying and doing, which revealed a character and temperament unfit for the leader of the free world."[427] He hinted that he might vote for Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson.[426]

In contrast, while Romney was running for president in 2012, he praised Trump and sought his endorsement.[428][429][430]

Organized opposition

Stop Trump movement

Main article: Stop Trump movement

A concerted effort by some Republicans and other prominent conservatives to prevent Trump from obtaining the Republican Party presidential nomination gained momentum following Trump's wins in the Super Tuesday primaries on March 15, 2016.[431][432][433][434]

On March 17, 2016, several dozen conservatives led by Erick Erickson met at the Army and Navy Club in Washington D.C. to discuss strategies for preventing Trump from securing the nomination at the Republican National Convention in July. Among the strategies discussed were a "unity ticket",[435] a possible third-party candidate and a contested convention, especially if Trump does not gain the 1,237 delegates necessary to secure the nomination.[436]

In June 2016, activists Eric O'Keefe and Dane Waters formed a group called Delegates Unbound, attempting to convince delegates to vote for whomever they want.[240][241][437] By June 19, hundreds of delegates to the Republican National Convention calling themselves Free the Delegates had begun raising funds and recruiting members in support of an effort to change Party convention rules to free delegates to vote however they want - instead of according to the results of state caucuses and primaries.[438] However, the convention's Rules Committee voted down, by a vote of 84–21, a move to send a "minority report" to the floor allowing the unbinding of delegates, thereby defeating the "Stop Trump" activists and guaranteeing Trump's nomination. The committee then endorsed the opposite option, voting 87–12 to include rules language specifically stating that delegates were required to vote based on their states' primary and caucus results.[439]

Opposition PACs

Our Principles PAC and the Club for Growth tried during the primary season to prevent Trump's nomination. Our Principles Pac spent more than $13 million on advertising attacking Trump.[440][441] The Club for Growth spent $11 million in an effort to prevent Trump from becoming the Republican Party's nominee.[442]

On March 7, 2016, Henry Kraemer founded the Trump Has Tiny Hands PAC.[443] A week later, he was forced to change the name because of FEC rules governing the use of a candidate's name in the names of PACs. Kraemer changed the name to Americans Against Insecure Billionaires with Tiny Hands.[444][445][446][447]

Paul Ryan

Paul Ryan, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, was initially critical of Trump on multiple occasions. In December 2015 when Trump called for a ban on foreign Muslims entering the country, Ryan said "What was proposed yesterday is not what this party stands for, and more importantly, it's not what this country stands for."[448] Even after endorsing Trump, Ryan continued to criticize Trump's religion-based immigration proposals.[449] In early March 2016 Ryan condemned Trump's failure to repudiate the support of white supremacists,[450] and in mid March he strongly objected to Trump's suggestion that there could be "riots" at the Republican convention if he is not the nominee.[451] In June when Trump said the judge hearing a lawsuit against him was biased because he was of Mexican extraction, Ryan said Trump's remarks were "absolutely unacceptable" and "the textbook definition of a racist comment".[452]

In May when Trump was declared the presumptive nominee, Ryan told CNN that he was not ready to endorse Trump, saying "I'm not there right now." He questioned Trump's commitment to conservative values but added he hoped to back him eventually.[453] Trump and Ryan met once during May, and on June 2 Ryan published an op-ed piece endorsing Trump and stressing the need to prevent Hillary Clinton's election.[454] Ryan later explained that as Majority Leader he feels obligated to support the Republican nominee in the interest of party unity.[455]

On August 2, 2016, one week before Ryan faced a primary for re-election to his house seat, Trump declined to endorse him, saying "I'm just not quite there yet." He also praised Ryan's primary opponent.[456] Trump's comments infuriated Republican officials, particularly GOP chairman Reince Priebus.[457] Three days later Trump endorsed Ryan, reading from a prepared statement, "So in our shared mission, to make America great again, I support and endorse our speaker of the House, Paul Ryan."[458]

In October 2016, following the Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy, Ryan disinvited Trump from a scheduled campaign rally,[459] announced that he would no longer defend or support Trump's presidential campaign, and in a highly unusual move he freed down-ticket congressional members to use their own judgment, saying "you all need to do what's best for you and your district."[460] In the final weeks of the campaign, Trump went on the attack against Ryan, accusing him and other "disloyal" Republicans of deliberately undermining his candidacy as part of "a whole sinister deal".[461][462] Despite his reluctance to publicly support Trump, Ryan ultimately announced that he cast his vote for Donald Trump a week before election day.[463]

Religious community

Trump receives blessing from Greek Orthodox priest Emmanuel Lemelson, September 30, 2015

Trump is a Presbyterian and says he attends Marble Collegiate Church, although the church said in a statement that he is "not an active member".[464] In campaign speeches, he had routinely praised the Bible and sometimes carried it, often saying that his own book Trump: The Art of the Deal is his "second-favorite book after the Bible".[465] On occasion, Trump "reflected a degree of indifference" to religion, causing unease among some social conservatives.[466]

Trump solicited the support of religious leaders, inviting dozens of Christian and Jewish leaders to his New York City offices for a meeting and laying on of hands prayer gathering in September 2015.[467] Trump praised prominent national evangelical leaders of the Christian right, including Tony Perkins and Ralph Reed,[468] and received a blessing and endorsement from Greek Orthodox priest and hedge fund manager Emmanuel Lemelson.[469] In January 2016, Trump received the endorsement of Liberty University president Jerry Falwell Jr., a prominent evangelical leader.[470]

Trump drew high levels of evangelical support despite holding political views and religious commitments at odds with many evangelicals.[471][472] In July 2016, 78 percent of white evangelicals said that they would vote for Trump according to Pew Research Center.[473] After the revelation of the "Access Hollywood" recording, members of Trump's "evangelical advisory council" compared their link to Trump to Jesus who had befriended sinners.[474]

Conversely, some Christian religious leaders criticized Trump. After finishing a trip to the U.S.–Mexico border, Pope Francis, the leader of the Catholic Church, said in response to a question about Trump's border-wall proposal: "A person who thinks only about building walls—wherever they may be—and not building bridges, is not Christian. This is not in the Gospel."[475] Trump then called the pope's comments "disgraceful".[475]

Other figures made more direct religious-based critiques of Trump, including from the American Christian right. Russell D. Moore, the head of the Southern Baptist Convention's public-policy arm, the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, is a prominent Trump critic and argued that Christians should vote for a conservative third party.[476][477] Peter Wehner of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, who has served in the last three Republican presidential administrations, said that Trump "embodies a Nietzschean morality rather than a Christian one", writing that Trump is "characterized by indifference to objective truth (there are no facts, only interpretations), the repudiation of Christian concern for the poor and the weak, and disdain for the powerless".[478] On the Christian left, a number of commentators, including preacher and New York Daily News columnist Shaun King, criticized Trump's racially charged rhetoric as inconsistent with Christianity.[479]

Trump struggled with Mormon voters, affecting his party's grip on Utah, where Mormons constitute a majority, and Nevada, where they are a significant minority. Reasons for this include Trump's rhetoric concerning Muslims, which Mormons see as a parallel to their own historic persecution.[480][481][482][483][484] Following the release of the 2016 Access Hollywood tape, several high-profile Mormon political leaders from Utah, including Utah governor Gary Herbert and representative Jason Chaffetz, withdrew their endorsements for Trump.[485] Deseret News, a media outlet owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, broke with an 80-year tradition of refraining from presidential endorsements to publish an editorial calling on Trump to step aside.[485]

Right Side Broadcasting Network

At over 210,000 subscribers,[486] Right Side Broadcasting Network was best known for live streaming Trump's campaign rallies on YouTube.[487] Since the third presidential debate,[488][489] Trump had collaborated with the network to launch a nightly newscast on his Facebook page.[490][491] Several commentators wondered whether the network may collaborate with Trump to form "Trump TV."[486][491] Joe Seales, the founder of the network, told Business Insider that the speculation was unfounded.[487] Meanwhile, Trump told WLW that he was not interested in setting up the network after the end of the election.[492][493]

Tea Party movement

Trump praised the U.S. Tea Party movement throughout his 2016 campaign.[494] In August 2015, he told a Tea Party gathering in Nashville that "The tea party people are incredible people. These are people who work hard and love the country and they get beat up all the time by the media."[494] In a January 2016 CNN poll at the beginning of the 2016 Republican primary, Trump led all Republican candidates modestly among self-identified Tea Party voters with 37 percent supporting Trump and 34 percent supporting Ted Cruz.[495]

Trump's candidacy was met with varying reactions by the Tea Party movement's founders and organizations. National Tea Party movement co-founder and leader Michael Johns endorsed Trump immediately following Trump's June 2015 announcement of his candidacy and defended Trump throughout the contentious Republican primary.[496][497][498] However, Tea Party Patriots, a national Tea Party organization, endorsed Cruz in the presidential primary.[499]

Ted Cruz

Texas Senator Ted Cruz was a primary rival for the Republican nomination. In the early days of the primary Cruz showered praise on Trump. But as the primary season went on, Cruz went on the attack, calling Trump a "bully" and a "pathological liar", and Trump took to referring to Cruz as "Lyin' Ted".[500] Trump repeatedly claimed Cruz was not eligible to be president because he was born in Canada.[501]

In March 2016 a pro-Cruz super PAC used a picture of Melania Trump posing nude for GQ in a Facebook advertisement. Trump tweeted a threat to "spill the beans" about Cruz's wife Heidi, and later posted pictures comparing Heidi Cruz unfavorably to Melania Trump.[502] In response, Cruz called Trump a "sniveling coward" and told him to "leave Heidi the hell alone."[503]

In May 2016 Trump cited a National Enquirer article which suggested that Senator Cruz's father, Rafael Bienvenido Cruz, might have been involved in the assassination of John F Kennedy. Trump asked, "What was he doing with Lee Harvey Oswald shortly before the death, before the shooting? It's horrible."[504] The claim was described by experts as "outlandish" and "wild and unfounded".[505][506][507] Trump later stated that he did not actually believe the story.[508] But he returned to the claim on July 22, saying that the National Enquirer would not have run the story if it was wasn't true, and falsely stating that the Cruz camp never denied it.[509]

At the Republican National Convention, Cruz was given a prime time speaking slot. He enraged attendees by urging them to "vote your conscience" instead of the expected endorsement of Trump.[510] The next day he defended his refusal to endorse Trump, saying "I am not in the habit of supporting people who attack my wife and attack my father."[511] Trump scoffed that he wouldn't accept Cruz's endorsement even if offered.[512] The next month, on September 23, 2016, Cruz publicly endorsed Trump for president.[513]

Trump family

Trump called his wife Melania "my pollster" and had said that she supported his presidential run.[514] Melania appeared at her husband's June 2015 campaign announcement and at the Fox News debate in Cleveland.[514] She has also conducted several televised interviews and appeared at a Trump rally in South Carolina along with other family members.[515] Trump's adult children Donald Jr, Ivanka, and Eric, as well as Ivanka's husband Jared Kushner, are all involved in his campaign and are regarded as key advisers. They were reportedly influential in persuading Trump to fire his controversial campaign manager Corey Lewandowski in June 2016.[516][517] Melania, Donald Jr, Eric, and Ivanka were "Headliner" speakers on successive nights of the Republican National Convention.[518] If elected president, Trump said that he would hand over control of his company to his children instead of placing it in a blind trust.[519]

Veterans of Foreign Wars

The 1.7 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars released a statement by its national commander stating, "Election year or not, the VFW will not tolerate anyone berating a Gold Star family member for exercising his or her right of speech or expression" and "There are certain sacrosanct subjects that no amount of wordsmithing can repair once crossed." The statement followed Trump's attack on the family of United States Army Captain Humayun Khan, who was killed by a suicide car bomb after ordering his subordinates away from the vehicle.[520][521]

Women

There was a large gender gap in support for Trump, with women significantly less likely to express support than men.[522][523] A March 2016 poll showed that half of U.S. women had a "very unfavorable" view of Trump.[524][525] A separate March 2016 poll showed women favoring Hillary Clinton 55 percent to 35 percent over Trump, "twice the gender gap of the 2012 presidential election",[526] while a Gallup poll showed a 70 percent unfavorable rating.[527][528] A May 2016 NPR article, citing a poll that showed Clinton leading Trump among women by 17 percentage points while Trump led among men by 5 points - a 22 point gender gap - suggested that "the Trump–Clinton gender gap could be the largest in more than 60 years".[529] By mid-October 2016 an average among 12 polls showed Trump trailing by 15 percentage points among women but ahead by 5 points among men.[530] Both before and during his presidential campaign, Trump made a number of comments about women that some viewed as sexist,[531][532][533] or misogynistic.[534][535] Donald Trump ended up winning almost twice as many non-college educated white women than Hillary Clinton, although Clinton outperformed Trump with votes from college-educated white women.[536]

White nationalists and white supremacists

From the outset of his campaign, Trump was endorsed by various white nationalist and white supremacist movements and leaders.[537][538] On February 24, 2016, David Duke, a former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon, expressed vocal support for Trump's campaign on his radio show.[539][540][541][542] Shortly thereafter in an interview with Jake Tapper, Trump repeatedly claimed to be ignorant of Duke and his support. Republican presidential rivals were quick to respond on his wavering, and Senator Marco Rubio stated the Duke endorsement made Trump un-electable.[543] Others questioned his professed ignorance of Duke by pointing out that in 2000, Trump called him a "Klansman".[544][545] Trump later blamed the incident on a poor earpiece he was given by CNN. Later the same day Trump stated that he had previously disavowed Duke in a tweet posted with a video on his Twitter account.[546] On March 3, 2016, Trump stated: "David Duke is a bad person, who I disavowed on numerous occasions over the years. I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK."[547]

On July 22, 2016 (the day after Trump's nomination), Duke announced that he will be a candidate for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate from Louisiana. He commented, "I'm overjoyed to see Donald Trump and most Americans embrace most of the issues that I've championed for years." A spokesperson for the Trump campaign said Trump "has disavowed David Duke and will continue to do so."[548]

On August 25, 2016, Clinton gave a speech saying that Trump is "taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe take over the Republican Party."[549] She identified this radical fringe with the "Alt-right", a largely online variation of American far-right that embraces white nationalism and is anti-immigration. During the election season, the Alt-right movement "evangelized" online in support of racist and anti-semitic ideologies.[550] Clinton noted that Trump's campaign chief executive Stephen Bannon described his Breitbart News Network as "the platform for the alt-right."[549] On September 9, 2016, several leaders of the alt-right community held a press conference, described by one reporter as the "coming-out party" of the little-known movement, to explain their goals.[551] They affirmed their racialist beliefs, stating "Race is real, race matters, and race is the foundation of identity."[552] Speakers called for a "White Homeland" and expounded on racial differences in intelligence. They also confirmed their support of Trump, saying "This is what a leader looks like."[552]

Richard Spencer, who runs the white nationalist National Policy Institute, said, "Before Trump, our identity ideas, national ideas, they had no place to go". The editor of the Neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer stated, "Virtually every alt-right Nazi I know is volunteering for the Trump campaign."[553] Rocky Suhayda, chairman of the American Nazi Party said that although Trump "isn't one of us,"[554] his election would be a "real opportunity" for the white nationalist movement.[555]

The Southern Poverty Law Center monitored Trump's campaign throughout the election and noted several instances where Trump and lower-level surrogates either used white nationalist rhetoric or engaged with figures in the white nationalist movement.[556]

/r/The_Donald subreddit

Main article: /r/The_Donald

At over 300,000 subscribers,[557] the subreddit "/r/The_Donald" on Reddit faced controversy since its inception.[558] Trump hosted an "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) on the subreddit during the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 27, 2016 and answered thirteen of the thousands of questions posted on the subreddit.[559][560]

The subreddit was criticized by Vice as being anti-choice, pro-Russia, authoritarian, racist, misogynistic, homophobic, Islamophobic, a hypocritical "free speech" rallying point, and censoring any differing opinion.[561][562] The publication Slate described The_Donald as a "hate speech forum".[563] According to the New York Times, "Members respond to accusations of bigotry with defiant claims of persecution at the hands of critics. It is an article of faith among posters that anti-racists are the real bigots, feminists are the actual sexists, and progressive politics are, in effect, regressive."[564]

Supporter demographics

Trump support was high among working and middle-class white male voters with annual incomes of less than $50,000 and no college degree.[565] This group, particularly those with less than a high-school education, suffered a decline in their income in recent years.[566] According to The Washington Post, support for Trump is higher in areas with a higher mortality rate for middle-age white people.[567] A sample of interviews with more than 11,000 Republican-leaning respondents from August to December 2015 found that Trump at that time found his strongest support among Republicans in West Virginia, followed by New York, and then followed by six Southern states.[568]

Surveys showed that significant proportions of Trump supporters hold negative views of immigrants, Muslims, and African-Americans. The Pew Research Center found that 69 percent of Trump supporters viewed immigrants as a burden, rather than a benefit, to the US, and 64 percent believed that American Muslims should be subject to greater scrutiny solely on the basis of their religion.[569] Reuters found that Trump supporters were more than twice as likely as Clinton supporters to view Islam negatively.[570] Trump supporters were also more likely than supporters of other candidates to hold negative views of African-Americans. Reuters reported that 40–50 percent of Trump supporters viewed African-Americans as being more "lazy", "rude", "violent", or "criminal" than whites, compared to 25–30 percent for Clinton supporters; while 32 percent of Trump supporters believed that African-Americans were less intelligent than whites, compared to 22 percent of Clinton supporters.[571]

University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers, analyzing a national survey of likely Republican primary voters from December 2015, found that having an authoritarian personality and a fear of terrorism were the only two variables among those tested that were statistically significant predictors of Trump support.[572][573] Another study based on a different survey, conducted by professors at the University of Chicago and University of Minnesota, concluded that Trump supporters were no more authoritarian than supporters of other Republican candidates, but rather were characterized primarily by a strong nationalist identity and a mistrust of experts, intellectuals, and perceived elites.[574]

Campaign finances

Primary campaign

As of January 31, 2016, the Trump campaign had received $7.5 million in donations from individuals, $250,318 donated directly by Trump himself, and a $17.78-million loan from the candidate.[575] The loaned amount can be repaid to Trump as other donations arrive.[575] According to reports to the FEC, the campaign had $1.9 million on hand as of February 20.[576]

As of March 31, he had raised $48.4 million, spent $46.3 million, and had $2.1 million cash on hand. His total spending including $3.2 million by outside groups, total $49.5 million.[577] As of May 31, he had raised $63.1 million, spent $61.8 million, and had $1.3 million cash on hand. His total spending including $3.0 million by outside groups, total $64.7 million.[578] As of June 30, he had raised $89.0 million, spent $68.8 million, and had $20.2 million cash on hand. His total spending including $7.6 million by outside groups, total $76.4 million.[579][580]

On June 23, Trump announced that he was forgiving $50 million in loans that he had made to his campaign for the primary.[581] His campaign refused to release evidence to the press that would prove that he had forgiven these loans.[582]

In October 2015 Trump had said: "I am self-funding my campaign and therefore I will not be controlled by the donors, special interests and lobbyists who have corrupted our politics and politicians for far too long. I have disavowed all super PACs, requested the return of all donations made to said PACs, and I am calling on all presidential candidates to do the same."[583][584][585] Politifact reports that Trump's claims that he is "self-funding" his campaign are "half-true." By the end of 2015, Trump's campaign had raised $19.4 million, with almost $13 million (about 66 percent) coming in the form of a loan from Trump himself and the remainder (34 percent) coming from others' contributions.[586] The announcement came a day after a main super PAC backing Trump closed amid scrutiny about its relationship to the campaign itself.[107][108] Although Trump attended at least two Make America Great Again Super PAC fundraising events, including one at the home of his daughter Ivanka's in-laws,[107] he later said he never gave his endorsement to the super PAC or any of the other eight super PACs supporting his run.[587][588] In addition to a $100,000 donation from Ivanka Trump's mother-in-law, the Make America Great Again super PAC accepted $1 million in seed money from casino mogul and longtime Trump business partner Phil Ruffin who, according to FEC filings, gave the money just two weeks after the super PAC was established; the super PAC spent about $500,000 on polling, consulting, and legal expenses before shutting down in the wake of The Washington Post's coverage.[106][108]

General election campaign

According to Bloomberg News, Trump's general election campaign raised over $500 million, roughly half the sum raised by the Clinton campaign. By October 19, Trump had "put $56.2 million of his own [money] into the campaign, leaving him with scant time to put in the rest of the $100 million he's pledged to spend."[589]

After becoming the presumptive nominee in early May, the Trump campaign announced that it would be seeking large donations for the general election,[590] and that Trump would not be self-funding his campaign in the general election.[591] By the end of May, Trump was reported to have had $1.3 million available for his campaign, while Clinton had $42 million.[592]

Wall Street banker Steven Mnuchin was named finance chair of the Trump campaign in May 2016.[593] In May 2016, the campaign established the Trump Victory Committee to enable joint fundraising with the Republican National Committee and eleven state parties; longtime Republican financiers Diane Hendricks, Woody Johnson, Mel Sembler, Ray Washburne, and Ron Weiser (all of whom backed other candidates during the Republican primary) agreed to serve as vice chairs of the committee.[594][595]

In May 2016, casino billionaire Sheldon Adelson announced that he would spend $100 million in support of Trump's election.[596][597] As of late August 2016, the Federal Election Commission had not reported any donations to the Trump campaign by Adelson.[598] While a number of large-dollar donors who previously backed other candidates[595] and were once mocked by Trump joined his campaign,[594] other prominent Republican megadonors oppose Trump and opted to "sit out" the election, withholding their support and financial backing. These include Norman Braman, Paul Singer, Seth Klarman,[599] and the Koch Brothers[600]

Several Super PACs were founded in support of Trump's campaign in the general election, including Great America PAC, Committee for American Sovereignty, and Rebuilding America Now.[601] Vice presidential nominee Mike Pence and former Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort both endorsed Rebuilding America Now,[602] and Trump agreed to headline fundraising events for the organization.[603]

Controversies

Supporters and protesters outside the August 9, 2016, campaign event at UNC-Wilmington's Trask Coliseum in Wilmington, North Carolina

Comment about Second Amendment and Hillary Clinton

At a campaign stop in Wilmington, North Carolina, on August 9, Donald Trump said that Hillary Clinton wanted to "essentially abolish the Second Amendment" because of her support for gun control. He said if she nominates judges to the Supreme Court, there would be nothing that could be done about it, and then added, "Although the Second Amendment people, maybe there is. I don't know".

Trump's comment sparked condemnation from various Democrats and Republicans for being perceived as suggesting violence against Clinton or liberal jurists, instead of suggesting political action. Clinton Campaign spokesman Robby Mook released a statement that said, "... what Trump is saying is dangerous", and that a person seeking the presidency "should not suggest violence in any way."[604] General Michael Hayden, who is the former head of the CIA, stated that "If someone else had said that outside the hall, he'd be in the back of a police wagon now with the Secret Service questioning him."[605] Secret Service spokesperson Cathy Milhoan said in a statement that the U.S. Secret Service was aware of Trump's comments.[606] The New York Times opinion writer Thomas Friedman condemned Trump's comment, saying "And that, ladies and gentlemen, is how Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin got assassinated."[607][608][609]

Politifact noted that some people saw it as a joke about assassination or a reference to political action, while others took it as a threat. Politifact also noted that the premise behind Trump's remark—that Clinton wants to "abolish the Second Amendment"—was factually false.[610] The Trump campaign responded with a statement that attributed the comment to the great political power that Second Amendment people have.[611] House Speaker Paul Ryan said Trump should clarify what seemed to him a joke gone wrong.[612] Hillary Clinton responded to Trump's comments by saying, "words matter", and that Trump's comments were part of a long line of casual comments from Trump that had "crossed a line."[606]

In September, Trump repeated the false statement that Clinton wanted to abolish the Second Amendment and suggested that Clinton's Secret Service detail disarm themselves and "let's see what happens".[613] The comments were interpreted by many commentators as an incitement to violence.[614]

Khizr and Ghazala Khan

During the 2016 Democratic National Convention, one of the speakers was Khizr Khan, a Muslim U.S. citizen who immigrated from Pakistan in 1980. Khan is the father of Captain Humayun Khan, a U.S. soldier who was killed in Iraq in 2004 by a suicide bomber, and later awarded the Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart. Khan spoke about his son and criticized Trump for his Muslim ban proposals, asking if Trump had ever read the U.S. Constitution, and offering to give him a copy. He stated that Trump had "sacrificed nothing and no one."[615]

The following Sunday on ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos, Trump was asked about Khan. Trump replied that Khan was, "you know, very emotional and probably looked like a nice guy to me."[616] Trump went on to wonder why Khizr Khan's wife Ghazala, who stood silently by her husband's side during his speech, did not speak and speculated that she might not have been allowed to speak. (Ghazala later responded by stating that at the time she was too emotional to speak.) When Trump was asked what he had sacrificed for his country, he told Stephanopoulos, "I think I've made a lot of sacrifices. I work very, very hard. I've created thousands and thousands of jobs, tens of thousands of jobs, built great structures. I've had tremendous success. I think I've done a lot." Trump also cited his work on behalf of veterans, including helping build a Vietnam War memorial in Manhattan and raising "millions of dollars" for veterans.[616]

Trump's comments touched off a firestorm of controversy by appearing to belittle the Khans, with public officials and commentators from all sides of the political spectrum arguing that he should show more respect to the parents of a fallen soldier.[617][618] A Fox News poll found that 69 percent of respondents who were familiar with Trump's comments, including 41 percent of Republicans, felt that Trump's response was "out of bounds".[619] The Khan controversy, along with Trump's initial refusal to endorse Majority Leader Paul Ryan for re-election, contributed to significant drops in Trump's poll numbers that week.[620]

Trump responded to the criticism on Twitter, stating that Khazir Khan "viciously attacked me" and tweeting: "This story is not about Mr. Khan, who is all over the place doing interviews, but rather RADICAL ISLAMIC TERRORISM and the U.S. Get smart!"[621] Later, Trump released a written statement saying "Captain Humayun Khan was a hero to our country and we should honor all who have made the ultimate sacrifice to keep our country safe", adding "While I feel deeply for the loss of his son, Mr. Khan, who has never met me, has no right to stand in front of millions of people and claim I have never read the Constitution (which is false), and say many other inaccurate things."[622]

When questioned about the Khans during the second presidential debate, Trump claimed that Humayun Khan would be alive if he was the president of the United States in 2004 and referred to him as an "American hero". The Khans responded by saying that they know that their son is an American hero.[623]

Campaign misstatements

In December 2015, Politifact named "the many campaign misstatements of Donald Trump" as its "2015 Lie of the Year", noting at the time that 76 percent of Trump statements rated by the factchecking website were rated "Mostly False, False or Pants on Fire", more than any other politician.[624][625] Norman Ornstein, a scholar at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, said that "Trump came into an environment that was ripe for bombastic, inflammatory, outrageous statements without having to suffer the consequences", citing the rise of partisan media, popular desensitization to inflammatory rhetoric, and "the assault on science and expertise" as contributing factors.[624]

In March 2016, Politico Magazine analyzed 4.6 hours of Trump stump speeches and press conferences over a five-day period and found "more than five dozen statements deemed mischaracterizations, exaggerations, or simply false."[626] Trump's penchant for exaggerating to voters has roots in the world of New York real estate where he made his fortune, and where hyperbole is a way of life.[627][628] According to Lucas Graves, a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Trump often speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what exactly he meant, and Graves says that fact-checkers "have to be really careful when you pick claims to check to pick things that can be factually investigated and that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying to communicate."[629]

Praise for authoritarian foreign leaders

Trump's frequent praise for foreign leaders alleged of being either authoritarian or totalitarian prompted significant criticism from members of both major political parties.[630][631][632]

Trump frequently praised Russia's Vladimir Putin, calling him a strong leader, "unlike what we have in this country,"[633] "a man so highly respected within his own country and beyond,"[634] and wondered if "he will become my new best friend."[635] He continued to praise Putin throughout the campaign, comparing him favorably to Obama, hailing Russia as an ally in fighting ISIS, and downplaying any suggestion that Russia had behaved aggressively in the world.[636] He also dismissed the assertion by U.S. intelligence officials that Russia is responsible for the computer hacking of Democratic party organizations and individuals.[637] Trump called for closer relations with Russia and "has surrounded himself with a team of advisers who have had financial ties to Russia."[638]

In January 2016, Trump commented on North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, first saying he's a "maniac", but then stating "you gotta give him credit" for the "incredible" way he eliminated his opponents to take charge of the country.[639]

During the Republican debate on March 10, 2016, Trump stirred controversy by saying that the Chinese government's 1989 massacre of unarmed civilians in Tiananmen Square was "horrible" and "vicious" but also "shows you the power of strength." When challenged, he said he was not endorsing the massacre and proceeded to characterize the protest as a riot: "I was not endorsing it. I said that is a strong, powerful government that put it down with strength. And then they kept down the riot. It was a horrible thing. It doesn't mean at all I was endorsing it."[640]

At a July 5 campaign rally, Trump again raised controversy by praising Saddam Hussein for being good at killing terrorists, saying Hussein was "a really bad guy" but "you know what he did well? He killed terrorists. He did that so good. They didn't read them the rights. They didn't talk. They were terrorists. It was over." The New York Times said that Trump's descriptions "are not grounded in fact", noting that Saddam Hussein's Iraq itself had been listed as a state sponsor of terrorism.[641][642] Terrorism expert Peter Bergen defended Trump: "Saddam Hussein repressed terrorist groups, as he did all forms of rebellion and dissent ... Trump's claim that following the fall of Saddam, Iraq has emerged as the 'Harvard' of terrorism is correct because Zarqawi in 2004 merged his terrorist group with al Qaeda to create "Al Qaeda in Iraq," which is the parent organization of today's ISIS."[643] In October Trump said that both Iraq and Libya would be better off if their deposed dictators, Saddam and Muammar Gaddafi, were still in power, and in December he described Saddam's use of poison gas against civilians as "throwing a little gas".[644][645] His July 5 comments were widely criticized. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan dissociated himself from the remarks, and a spokesman for Hillary Clinton said "Donald Trump's praise for brutal strongmen seemingly knows no bounds."[646]

Asked about the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, Trump praised Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, saying, "I give great credit to him for being able to turn that around."[647]

Support for fringe or conspiracy theories

During his campaign, Trump frequently given voice to fringe or conspiracy theories.[505][506][648][649] Professor Joseph E. Uscinski, the co-author of American Conspiracy Theories, writes that Trump made "unabashed" and "deft and almost daily use of … conspiracy narratives" on the campaign trail.[506]

According to political writer Steve Benen, unlike past political leaders, Trump did not keep fringe theories and their supporters at arm's length.[650][651][652]

Trump, for example, promoted the discredited belief that vaccines can cause autism unless administered according to a lengthened schedule.[lower-alpha 2] He also alluded to the unfounded notion that President Obama is secretly a Muslim, for example stating that Obama might have attended a particular funeral "if it were held in a Mosque" and saying that "some people" think a Muslim already had been elected president.[648][649] Trump also speculated that Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia's death by natural causes, was in truth caused by murder.[lower-alpha 3] Additionally, Trump "suggested a cover-up at San Bernardino, flirted with 9/11 conspiracy theories, [and] proposed conspiracy theories about Syrian refugees."[506]

Veterans for a Strong America event

The Veterans for a Strong America organized an event for Trump on September 15, 2015.[655] According to the Associated Press, the IRS had revoked the nonprofit status of the organization, and its endorsement of Trump raised campaign finance questions as corporations are restricted to donating up to $2,700 to a campaign, but the event exceeded that amount.[655] Other concerns raised include reports that the Veterans for a Strong America did not appear to have any members or relation with veterans.[656] According to CNN, the group "sounds like a charity" and "touted having more than a half-million supporters" but is in fact a political action group; CNN "found scant evidence" of the number of supporters stated by the group. The group's tax-exempt status had been revoked before the event; the group is appealing.[657]

Refusal to release tax returns

A protester holding a sign toward Trump supporters asking for Trump to publicly release his tax returns, at an August 9, 2016, campaign event in Wilmington, North Carolina

Trump did not release his personal income tax returns, as nominees traditionally do, and said he does not plan to do so before the November election.[658] Historians say he would be the first major party nominee since 1976 not to make his tax returns public. Before declaring for president he said he would "absolutely" release them if he decided to run for office.[659] Early in the 2016 primary process he promised to put out "very big, very beautiful" returns.[659] He offered various reasons for not giving out the information. He says his lawyers told him not to release the returns because they are being audited. He contends that voters are not interested and "there's nothing to learn from them". He told one interviewer that his tax rate is "none of your business".[659]

Trump was criticized for his refusal to release tax information. Experts say being audited is no bar to releasing the information.[660] The current top IRS official, Commissioner John Koskinen, said that it would be fine for Trump to release his returns during an audit.[661][662]

2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that, "It is disqualifying for a modern-day presidential nominee to refuse to release tax returns to the voters." Romney speculated, "There is only one logical explanation for Mr. Trump's refusal to release his returns: there is a bombshell in them."[663] John Fund of the National Review said that Republican convention delegates should abstain from voting for Trump if he does not release the information, fearing that the returns could contain an electoral "time bomb".[664]

There is no requirement that presidential candidates release their tax returns but candidates are legally free to do so even when under audit.[665][666] Tax lawyers differ as to whether releasing tax returns is legally advisable for someone like Trump who is under audit.[666][667] According to NPR, tax experts such as New York University Law School professor Daniel Shaviro say that "Trump's lawyers may advise him not to release the returns for legal strategy purposes."[668]

On October 1, 2016, the New York Times reported that the Times had been given three pages of certain state tax returns for Trump for the year 1995. The materials indicated that Trump incurred a $916 million net operating loss which, for Federal income tax purposes, could potentially have prevented Trump from owing any Federal income taxes for up to 18 years.[669]

Use of Twitter

Donald Trump's prolific use of Twitter earned him millions of followers. His almost daily use of social media as a vehicle for connecting to his audience is unprecedented as a campaign tool. On November 22, 2015, Trump retweeted an image containing racially charged and inaccurate crime data between blacks and whites, cited to a non-existent group.[670][671][672] According to Newsweek, the image appeared to originate with a neo-Nazi Twitter account.[673] When later asked by Bill O'Reilly about his sharing of the image, Trump confirmed that he had personally retweeted the image and said that it came from "sources that are very credible."[670] The Annenberg Public Policy Center's FactCheck.org reported that the image was a "bogus graphic."[670]

On February 28, Trump re-tweeted a Mussolini quote that had been posted from a parody bot created by Gawker: "It is better to live one day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep".[674] When informed that the source of the quote was 20th century Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, Trump responded that the origin of the quote made no difference because "it's a very good quote."[675]

On July 2, 2016, Trump tweeted a picture originally created as a meme by white supremacists.[676][677][678] The tweet featured a photo of Clinton next to a star-shaped badge saying "Most Corrupt Candidate Ever!" with a background of $100 bills. The six-pointed star was interpreted as a Star of David and the tweet denounced as "blatantly anti-semitic" by many observers, ranging from the Hillary Clinton campaign to the Anti-Defamation League to House Speaker Paul Ryan.[679][680] However, Trump's former campaign director Corey Lewandowski dismissed the attacks as "political correctness run amok" and compared the star to a sheriff's badge.[681][682] The Trump campaign took down the image, then re-uploaded it with a circle replacing the star. However, the re-uploading of the image included the hashtag "#AmericaFirst", and so was criticized by many pundits as evoking the name of the America First Committee, the name of a fascist organization in the United States that urged appeasement with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany in the Second World War.[683][684]

Opposition from Republicans

An open letter from 120[685] conservative foreign-policy and national-security leaders, released in March 2016, condemned Trump as "fundamentally dishonest" and unfit to be president.[686][687] Signatories to the letter included a number of former high-level George W. Bush administration figures, and others, including Eliot A. Cohen, Max Boot, and Daniel W. Drezner.[685][686][688] Critics noted that the signers of the letter are "the exact type of establishment Republicans against whom Trump has been railing."[686]

Also in March 2016, another group of foreign policy experts published a letter in Foreign Policy magazine, entitled "Defending the Honor of the U.S. Military from Donald Trump", against Trump's statements that he would direct the military to torture suspected terrorists and their families and target the families of terrorists and other civilians, stating that "every reputable legal expert we know has deemed [these activities] illegal."[689] The letter was signed by both neoconservatives and prominent realists, such as Andrew J. Bacevich and Richard K. Betts.[690]

Several incumbent Republican members of Congress announced they would not vote for Trump. South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham says he will not vote for either Trump or Clinton in the fall and urged other Republicans to "un-endorse" Trump.[691][692] Illinois Senator Mark Kirk said he plans to write in a name, possibly David Petraeus or Colin Powell.[693] New York Rep. Richard Hanna, who is retiring at the end of this term, was the first Republican to say he will vote for Hillary Clinton.[694] Illinois Rep. Adam Kinzinger said Trump "for me is beginning to cross a lot of red lines in the unforgivable on politics" and he will vote for a write-in candidate or not vote.[695] Pennsylvania Rep. Charlie Dent said Trump crossed "a bridge too far"; he plans to vote for a write-in candidate.[696] Virginia Rep. Scott Rigell, also retiring at the end of this term, said he will vote for Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson.[697]

A letter from 50 Republican national security officials was published on August 8. The senior officials, who included former White House officials and Cabinet secretaries, said Trump "lacks the character, values, and experience" to be President.[698][699] Trump responded the same day, saying "The names on this letter are the ones the American people should look to for answers on why the world is a mess, and we thank them for coming forward so everyone in this country knows who deserves the blame for making the world such a dangerous place."[700]

Trump University

Main articles: Trump University and Cohen v. Trump

Trump University, and Trump himself, were involved during the campaign in three ongoing lawsuits alleging fraudulent business practices. One of the suits was scheduled to be heard in San Diego in November, three weeks after the general election. In late July, the judge hearing that case denied a motion to dismiss it.[701] Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases. In the settlement, Trump did not admit to any wrongdoing but agreed to pay a total of $25 million.[702][703]

The lawsuits were active throughout the campaign and were invoked by Trump's rivals in Republican primary debates.[704] Hillary Clinton used the Trump University allegations against Trump in speeches and campaign ads.[705] Trump repeatedly criticized Gonzalo P. Curiel, the presiding judge in two of the cases, stating that his Mexican heritage serves as a conflict of interest.[706][707] During a June 3, 2016, interview with Jake Tapper of CNN, Tapper asked Trump what Curiel's rulings have to do with his heritage. Trump answered, "I've been treated very unfairly by this judge. Now, this judge is of Mexican heritage. I'm building a wall, OK? I'm building a wall."[708] Trump also suggested that Curiel is a friend of a lawyer for one of the plaintiffs, to which the lawyer responded that they had not been friends in any "social" setting.[709]

Legal experts criticized Trump's comments,[710] and Paul Ryan, who had endorsed Trump for president, disavowed the comments, saying that they were racist.[711] Meanwhile, Governor Chris Christie defended Trump's comments, saying that Trump was not a "pre-programmed robotic politician".[712][713]

Trump also accused Curiel of bias because of his membership in La Raza Lawyers of California, a professional association of Hispanic attorneys.[714][715] Former United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzales wrote on June 4 that some of Trump's aides alleged a link between the La Raza Lawyers of California and an advocacy organization called the National Council of La Raza, which had organized protests at Trump rallies: "The two groups are unaffiliated, and Curiel is not a member of NCLR. But Trump may be concerned that the lawyers' association or its members represent or support the other advocacy organization".[716]

On June 7, 2016, Trump said that his criticism of the judge had been "misconstrued" and that his concerns about Curiel's impartiality were not based on ethnicity alone, but rather on rulings in the case.[717] He said that he was not categorically attacking people of Mexican heritage.[718]

In 2013 Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi requested a political donation from Trump while her office was "currently reviewing the allegations" in a New York class action suit. The Donald J. Trump Foundation sent her re-election campaign $25,000. Bondi's office decided not to pursue action.[719] The Washington Post reported in September 2016 that foundation was fined $2,500 by the IRS for using the funds to make a political contribution to Bondi's PAC.[720]

2005 Access Hollywood video tape

Video and accompanying audio were released by The Washington Post on October 7, 2016, in which Trump referred obscenely to women in a 2005 conversation with Billy Bush while they were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. Trump said that he could grab women "by the pussy" and get away with it, because he is a "star". The audio was met with a reaction of disbelief and disgust from the media.[721][722][723] Following the revelation, Trump's campaign issued an apology, stating that the video was of a private conversation from "many years ago".[724]

External video
Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005, The Washington Post, 12:44, October 8, 2016[722]
Donald Trump apologizes for sexist comments about groping women, Trump campaign video via PBS Newshour, 1:15, October 7, 2016[725]

The incident was condemned by numerous prominent Republicans. RNC Chairman Reince Priebus said "No woman should ever be described in these terms or talked about in this manner. Ever." Mitt Romney tweeted "Hitting on married women? Condoning assault? Such vile degradations demean our wives and daughters and corrupt America's face to the world." John Kasich called the remarks "indefensible." Jeb Bush called them "reprehensible."[726] Speaker of the House Paul Ryan disinvited Trump to participate in a campaign event for Ryan in Wisconsin, saying that he was "sickened" by Trump's comments.[727] Three days later Ryan indicated that he would no longer defend or support Trump's presidential campaign, and in a highly unusual move he freed down-ticket congressional members to use their own judgement, saying "you all need to do what's best for you and your district."[728] Trump's wife Melania called Trump's words "offensive" and "inappropriate."[729] By October 8 several dozen Republicans had called for Trump to withdraw from the campaign and let Pence head the ticket.[730] Trump insisted he would never drop out.[731]

Several hours after the initial report by The Washington Post, the Trump campaign released a video statement in response to the controversy, in which Trump apologized, stating that "Anyone who knows me knows these words don't reflect who I am. I said it, I was wrong, and I apologize."[722][732] Towards the end of the statement Trump also said that "there is a big difference between the words and actions", and then went on to say that "Bill Clinton has actually abused women and Hillary has bullied, attacked, shamed, and intimidated his victims".[722][732] This apology was criticized severely by the media and members of the public as being insincere and attempting to divert the problem at hand with unsubstantiated accusations against his political opponents.[733][734][735] Trump replied that "thousands and thousands" of supporters sent him letters after the controversial video was published.[731]

Sexual misconduct accusations

Following the October 7, 2016, revelation of Trump's 2005 remarks during a filming of an Access Hollywood episode and his denial that he had ever actually engaged in the behaviors he described, multiple women came forward with new stories of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping. Sources for the stories included The New York Times and People magazine. The stories received widespread national media coverage.[736][737] Also, previous allegations and statements from other women resurfaced. In 1997, Jill Harth filed a lawsuit alleging Trump groped her in "intimate" parts and engaged in "relentless" sexual harassment.[738] Trump and his campaign denied all of these charges, and Trump claimed to have begun drafting a lawsuit against The New York Times alleging libel.[739][740] On October 13, Trump denied all of the allegations, referring to them as "false smears" and alleging "a conspiracy against ... the American people".[741]

Trump was also been reported to have walked in on Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA contestants in varying stages of undress without prior notice of his arrival. Some of the Miss Teen USA contestants were as young as 15.[742] Trump has said in an interview with Howard Stern in 2005, "no men are anywhere. And I'm allowed to go in because I'm the owner of the pageant. And therefore I'm inspecting it... Is everyone OK? You know, they're standing there with no clothes. And you see these incredible-looking women. And so I sort of get away with things like that. [...] I'll go backstage before a show, and everyone's getting dressed and ready and everything else."[743]

Uncertainty over accepting the election results

Trump at a campaign rally on October 20, 2016, stating that, "I will totally accept the results of this great and historic presidential election, if I win".

Trump repeatedly suggested that the election is "rigged" against him, and in the final debate he cast doubt on whether he would accept the results of the election should he lose, saying "I'll keep you in suspense".[744] His comment touched off a media and political uproar, in which he was accused of "threatening to upend a fundamental pillar of American democracy" and "rais(ing) the prospect that millions of his supporters may not accept the results on Nov. 8 if he loses".[745] Rick Hasen of University of California, Irvine School of Law described Trump's comments as, "appalling and unprecedented" and fears there could be "violence in the streets from his supporters if Trump loses."[746] The next day Trump modified his stance by saying, "Of course, I would accept a clear election result, but I would also reserve my right to contest or file a legal challenge in the case of a questionable result." He also stated that he would "totally" accept the election results "if I win."[747]

Allegations of promoting voter intimidation

In the weeks before the election, Trump urged his supporters to volunteer as poll watchers on Election Day, saying they were needed to guard against "voter fraud" and a "rigged" outcome. The rhetoric was seen as a call to intimidate minority voters or challenge their credentials to prevent them from voting.[748][749]

Democratic Party officials sued Trump in Arizona, Nevada, Ohio and Pennsylvania, accusing him of voter intimidation, in violation of the 1965 Voters Rights Act and the 1871 Ku Klux Klan Act, with his calls for supporters to monitor polling stations in minority neighborhoods. The Ohio Democratic Party wrote in a legal filing, "Trump has sought to advance his campaign's goal of 'voter suppression' by using the loudest microphone in the nation to implore his supporters to engage in unlawful intimidation," Other lawsuits used similar language.[750] A separate lawsuit in New Jersey accuses the Republican National Committee of cooperating with Trump's "ballot security" activities, which the RNC is prohibited from doing by a 1982 consent decree.[751]

A federal District Court judge in Nevada ordered Trump campaigners to make available any training materials they provided for "poll watchers, poll observers, exit pollsters or any other similarly tasked individuals."[752] A District Court judge in Pennsylvania denied a request by the state Republican Party to allow poll watching by people from outside the immediate area, which is forbidden by the state election code.[753]

Presidential debates

The first of three presidential debates took place on Monday evening, September 26, at New York's Hofstra University. The moderator was Lester Holt of NBC.[754] A live-TV audience of 84 million viewers set a viewership record for presidential debates.[755] Scientific polls showed that most voters thought Hillary Clinton performed better than Donald Trump in the debate.[756][757] The second debate was held on Sunday, October 9, at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri.[758] The co-moderators were CNN's Anderson Cooper and ABC News' Martha Raddatz. Republican nominee Trump tweeted on Tuesday morning that "every poll" declared him the winner.[759] The final debate took place on the campus of the University of Las Vegas on Wednesday evening, October 19. The moderator was Chris Wallace of Fox News[760]

Endorsements

The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first and only major newspaper to endorse Donald Trump's campaign.[761][762] Many Republican-leaning papers endorsed Clinton or urged readers not to vote for Trump while declining to endorse any other candidate.[763][764]

The Houston Chronicle, The Cincinnati Enquirer, The Dallas Morning News, and The Arizona Republic editorial boards, which normally endorse Republican candidates, endorsed Hillary Clinton.[763][764] The New Hampshire Union Leader, which had endorsed the Republican in every election for the last 100 years, endorsed Gary Johnson.[765] Several news reports, including one by Chris Cillizza, political reporter for The Washington Post, compared the 2016 Donald Trump political campaign to The Waldo Moment, a 2013 episode of the Black Mirror TV series;[766][767] later, in September 2016, episode writer Charlie Brooker also compared the Trump campaign to the episode and predicted Trump would win the 2016 election.[768][769]

USA Today, which never had endorsed any candidate in its 34-year history, broke the tradition and took sides in the race with an editorial that had declared Trump to be "erratic", described his business career as "checkered", and called him a "serial liar" and "unfit for the presidency". The newspaper, however, said the "editorial does not represent unqualified support for Hillary Clinton."[770][771][772]

Results

As the results came in on election night, November 8, 2016, Trump won in multiple states that had been predicted to go to Clinton. In the early morning hours of November 9, media sources declared Trump the winner of the presidency, crediting him with 279 electoral college votes where 270 were needed to win.[773] [774] Clinton then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave a victory speech.[775] His victory was widely described as a "stunning upset", since most pre-election polling had predicted a Clinton win.[776][777]

As of November 28, Trump is credited with 306 electoral votes compared to 232 for Clinton.[778][779][780] The nationwide popular vote count shows Clinton leading by more than 2.5 million votes, with many votes still remaining to be counted.[778][781][782] Trump is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the election but lose the popular vote.[783] This is the biggest-ever loss in the popular vote for a candidate who won the election.[784]

Reactions

American and world leaders

President Barack Obama congratulated Trump on winning the election and stated that although he and Trump had differences of opinion, it is his goal to ensure a smooth transition for the incoming president.[785] Trump also received congratulations from Republican primary rivals including Florida Governor Jeb Bush, Texas Senator Ted Cruz, and Governor John Kasich. In addition Mitt Romney, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush congratulated him.[786]

Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico offered his congratulations and stated that Mexico will continue to have positive working relationships with the United States.[787] Leaders of the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, Rwanda, Israel, Palestine, and other countries voiced similar messages.[787][785][788]

Vladimir Putin of Russia "expressed confidence that the dialogue between Moscow and Washington, in keeping with each other's views, meets the interests of both Russia and the U.S." After stating that the relationships between the United States and Russia had degenerated over time, "Russia is ready and wants to restore the fully fledged relations with the U.S.",[787] which must be "based on principles of equality, mutual respect and a real accounting each other's positions."[788]

Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right Front National party, sent her congratulations and exclaimed, peuple américain, libre! (French for "free American people!")[787][789] Nigel Farage, the outgoing leader of the UK Independence Party and Brexiter, said he was handing his "mantle" over to Trump.[787][789] Pro-Trump videos were made with neo-Nazis by the Golden Dawn party of Greece. Trump was supported by other far-right leaders in Serbia, Czech Republic, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy.[789]

The strategic partnership between the European Union and the United States is rooted in our shared values of freedom, human rights, democracy and a belief in the market economy… Today, it is more important than ever to strengthen transatlantic relations… when dealing with unprecedented challenges such as Da'esh, the threats to Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, climate change and migration… We should spare no effort to ensure that the ties that bind us remain strong and durable.

—Donald Tusk, President of the European Council[787]

President Xi Jinping of China stated to Trump that he placed "great importance on the China-U.S. relationship, and look[s] forward to working with you to uphold the principles of non-conflict, non-confrontation, mutual respect, and win-win cooperation."[787] Shinzō Abe , the prime minister of Japan, said "The stability of the Asia-Pacific region, which is a driving force of the global economy, brings peace and prosperity to the United States. Japan and the United States are unwavering allies tied firmly with the bond of universal values such as freedom, democracy, basic human rights and the rule of law."[789]

Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor, expressed that it was "difficult to bear" some of the confrontations during the Trump campaign. She expressed her interest in working with President-elect on shared values, like respect for individuals despite their religion, gender, or heritage.[787] Merkel stated that the relationship with the U.S. is "a foundation stone of German foreign policy."[787] "The world won’t end, but things will get more crazy", was a tweet from German Justice Minister Heiko Maas. Germany's Defence Minister, Ursula von der Leyen, wanted to know if the U.S. would maintain its NATO commitments,[787] since Trump had suggested during his campaign that the U.S. should consider NATO allies' level of military commitment before coming to their aid.[785] Jens Stoltenberg, Secretary General of NATO, offered his congratulations and welcomed him to the NATO Summit in 2017 to discuss how to respond to the "challenging new security environment, including hybrid warfare, cyberattacks, the threat of terrorism." He further stated that continuing to build a strong NATO presence is good for the United States and for Europe.[785] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the president of Turkey, said that he hoped that the Trump presidency would be a "beneficial" step towards world-wide democracy, liberty, and fundamental rights.[787] François Hollande, president of France, said that his country would need to be strong in the face of an upcoming "period of uncertainty... What is at stake is peace, the fight against terrorism, the Middle East and the preservation of the planet."[787]

Protests

a protest sign in New York city[790][791]

In cities across the country, hundreds of thousands of people protested Trump.[792][793] They carried signs such as "Not My President," "Trump Puts My Life In Danger," "Not Usually A Sign Guy, But Geez," "Fuck Trump,"[794][795] and "No To Bigotry."[793]

Students walked out of classes in schools across the country—like Washington, D.C., Denver, Omaha, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Seattle and other cities—beginning November 9, the day after the election, and continued into the following week.[792][793] Concerned about the views that Trump had expressed of minorities and what he might do to the country, the protesters carried signs that said messages like "Love Trumps Hate"[796][797][798](which was a slogan of the 2016 Hillary Clinton campaign), "Make Racists Scared Again", and "You Can’t Divide Us."[792]

Trump said that some of the protesters are "professional protesters" and that they are protesting him because they do not know him. Rudy Giuliani, the former mayor of New York City, had called the protesters "spoiled crybabies".[792]

School children

The Atlantic began a series to explore how schools are responding to the election of Donald Trump. In their first installment, they spoke with about 40 counselors and teachers in several locations around the country about the reactions that they are receiving in school, and how the teachers are handling feedback from children about the elections. They prefaced that most teachers are Democrats and are women. Only about 20% of teachers are Republicans. The concerns that children raised included fear that their family would be deported, that their parents would be deported, and they would be deported, even if they were born in the United States. There were also fears that they were unsafe, even afraid that there would be a bomb that would kill everyone.[799]

On the other hand, there were children that expressed that they were happy that Trump won the election, and if they were able, they would have voted for him. A teacher from Phoenix tried to help children see the issues in a non-threatening way. Patricia Farley, a former Marine in Phoenix, said said that Trump doesn't hate Mexicans; he simply believes that "people need to go through the proper channels to legally immigrate". Meria Castarphen, the superintendent of Atlanta Public Schools, said that although one day was spent allowing children's feelings, the next day the teachers went back to their normal routines, so that issues would not "stew" in the children's minds. Sophie, a woman of color in New Orleans, used it as an opportunity to express her fears and encourage children to talk about their feelings, like the boy who said he would have voted for Trump, and the Muslim girl that said, "This is a hijab. It's really hot. I don't sleep in it. If you have questions, ask me—don't say terrible things."[799]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Recent historical examples: Johnson'12/Roemer'12/Goode'12, Barr'08/Keyes'08, Buchanan'00/Smith'00, Perot'92, Paul'88, and Anderson'80, see also Chafee'16.
  2. ↑ Trump specifically indicated support for a delayed vaccine schedule popularized by physician Robert Sears, who acknowledges that "there is no science to support the theory that spacing out vaccines is safer for children" but says that it is "an effective tactic for increasing vaccination rates by convincing nervous parents to ease into the idea."[653] Such a delayed-vaccine schedule is not recommended by public health officials or medical organizations; after Trump made his statement on vaccines, the American Academy of Pediatrics released a statement saying: "Claims that vaccines are linked to autism or are unsafe when administered according to the recommended schedule, have been disproven by a robust body of medical literature. There is no 'alternative' immunization schedule. Delaying vaccines only leaves a child at risk of disease for a longer period of time; it does not make vaccinating safer."[653]
  3. ↑ The homeowner where Scalia died said, "We discovered the judge in bed, a pillow over his head", and Trump took that to mean a pillow was found over Scalia's face, but the homeowner later clarified that the pillow was discovered between the headboard and Scalia's head.[654]

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  774. ↑ "Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins". New York Times. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016. Hillary Clinton 60,071,781 votes (47.7%) Donald J. Trump 59,791,135 votes (47.5%)
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  790. ↑ Kircher, Madison Malone. "A Conversation With the 'Not Usually a Sign Guy' Guy".
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  793. 1 2 3 —Sarah Jaffe (November 15, 2016). "Why Anti-Trump Protests Matter". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  794. ↑ "Anti-Trump protests in Portland erupt into mayhem".
  795. ↑ ""Not my president:" Thousands march against Trump in Denver". November 11, 2016.
  796. ↑ "Lady Gaga Holds 'Love Trumps Hate' Sign Outside Trump Tower After Hillary Clinton Loses Presidential Election".
  797. ↑ Linder, Lauren (November 19, 2016). "'Love Trumps Hate' crowd gathers in Saratoga to protest election".
  798. ↑ Writer, Devin Hogue, Staff. "Students Protest Election with 'Love Trumps Hate'".
  799. 1 2 Emily Deruy; Alia Wong; Hayley Glatter (November 2016). "Learning in the Aftermath of a Divisive Election - Teachers comforted scared students and reassured others". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 15, 2016.

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