Velella

Velella velella
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Medusozoa
Class: Hydrozoa
Order: Anthomedusae
Family: Porpitidae
Genus: Velella
Lamarck, 1801
Species: V. velella
Binomial name
Velella velella
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
  • Velella spirans (Forsskål, 1775)
  • Velella lata (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821)

Velella is a cosmopolitan genus of free-floating hydrozoans that live on the surface of the open ocean. There is only one known species, Velella velella, in the genus.[1] Velella velella is commonly known by the names sea raft, by-the-wind sailor, purple sail, little sail, or simply Velella.[2]

These small Cnidaria are part of a specialised ocean surface community that includes the better-known cnidarian siphonophore, the Portuguese man o' war. Specialized predatory gastropod mollusks prey on these cnidarians. Such predators include nudibranchs (sea slugs) in the genus Glaucus[3] and purple snails in the genus Janthina.[4]

Each apparent individual Velella velella is in fact a hydroid colony, and most are less than about 7 cm long. They are usually deep blue in colour, but their most obvious feature is a small stiff sail that catches the wind and propels them over the surface of the sea. Under certain wind conditions, they may be stranded by the thousand on beaches.

Like other Cnidaria, Velella velella are carnivorous. They catch their prey, generally plankton, by means of tentacles that hang down in the water and bear cnidocysts (also called nematocysts). The toxins in their nematocysts are effective against their prey. While cnidarians all possess nematocysts, in some species the nematocysts and toxins therein are more powerful than other species. V. velella's nematocysts are relatively benign to humans, although each person may respond differently to contact with the nematocyst toxin. It is wise to avoid touching one's face or eyes after handling V. velella, and itching may develop on parts of the skin that have been exposed to V. velella nematocysts.

Close-up of a Velella velella colony
Stranded Velella

Distribution and habitat

Velella velella lives in warm and temperate waters in all the world's oceans. They live at the water/air interface, with the float above the water, and polyps hanging down about a centimetre below. Organisms that live partly in and partly out of the water like this are known as pleuston. Offshore boaters sometimes encounter thousands of V. velella on the water surface.

The small rigid sail projects into the air and catches the wind . However Velella sails always align along the direction of the wind where the sail may act as an aerofoil so that the animals tend to sail downwind at a small angle to the wind.[5] Having no means of locomotion other than its sail, V. velella is at the mercy of prevailing winds for moving around the seas, and are thereby also subject to mass-strandings on beaches throughout the world. For example, most years in the spring, there is a mass stranding that occurs along the West Coast of North America, from British Columbia to California, beginning in the north and moving south over several weeks' time. In some years, so many animals are left at the tide line by receding waves, that the line of dying (and subsequently rotting) animals may be many centimetres deep, along hundreds of kilometres of beaches. Mass strandings have been reported also on the west coast of Ireland.[6]

Velella (By-the-wind sailors) stranded on Rodeo Beach, Marin County, California.
Velella scattered across a beach in Northern California

Life cycle

Like many Hydrozoa, Velella velella has a bipartite life cycle, with a form of alternation of generations. The deep blue, by-the-wind sailors that are recognized by many beach-goers are the polyp phase of the life cycle. Each "individual" with its sail is really a hydroid colony, with many polyps that feed on ocean plankton. These are connected by a canal system that enables the colony to share whatever food is ingested by individual polyps. Each by-the-wind sailor is a colony of all-male or all-female polyps. The colony has several different kinds of polyps, some of which are both feeding and reproductive, called gonozooids, and others protective, called dactylozooids.[7]

The gonozooids each produce numerous tiny jellyfish by an asexual budding process, so that each Velella colony produces thousands of tiny jellyfish (medusae), each about 1 mm high and wide, over several weeks. The tiny medusae are each provided with many zooxanthellae, single-celled endosymbiotic organisms typically also found in corals and some sea anemones, that can utilize sunlight to provide energy to the jellyfish. Curiously, although a healthy captive Velella will release many medusae under the microscope, and are expected to do the same in the sea, the medusae of Velella are rarely captured in the plankton and very little is known about their natural history. The medusae develop to sexual maturity within about three weeks in the laboratory and their free-spawned eggs and sperm develop into a planktonic larva called a conaria, which develops into a new floating Velella hydroid colony.[7]

Systematics

The Porpitidae is a family of the Hydrozoa erected for three genera of hydroids that live floating free at the surface of the open ocean: Velella, Porpita and Porpema. The systematic position of these peculiar genera has long been a topic of discussion among taxonomists who work with pelagic Cnidaria. The three genera were put in with athecate hydroids in the mid-to-late 19th century by some, whereas other authors at the time included them in the Siphonophora. A new order was established for these genera by Totton,[8] in 1954, called the Chondrophora, while at the same time, other authors favored again placing them in the Anthomedusae/Athecatae.[7] Most authors in the past 40 years have accepted interpretation of these animals as unusual floating colonial athecate hydroids, which produce medusae clearly belonging in the Anthomedusae. Although the exact position of the family Porpitidae within the Athecatae/Anthomedusae is not yet clear, the order Chondrophora is no longer used by hydrozoan systematists.

See also

References

  1. ↑ WoRMS (2013). P. Schuchert, eds. "Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758)". World Hydrozoa database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  2. ↑ Harrington Wells (1937). Seashore Life. Wagner Publishing Company, USA (see pages 138 and 144 in the 1942 edition)
  3. ↑ Gosliner, T.M. (1987). Nudibranchs of Southern Africa page 127, ISBN 0-930118-13-8
  4. ↑ Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa. Cape Town:Struik Nature. page 188. ISBN 9781770077720.
  5. ↑ McNeill Alexander, R (2002). Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08678-8.
  6. ↑ M. J. Delap (1921). "Drift on the Kerry coast". The Irish Naturalist. 30 (3): 40. JSTOR 25525026.
  7. 1 2 3 A. Brinckmann-Voss (1970). Anthomedusae/Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli. 39. Stazione Zoologica. pp. 1–96, 11 pls.
  8. ↑ A. K. Totton (1954). Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports. 27. pp. 1–162.
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