Varphi Josephson junction

A φ Josephson junction (pronounced varphi Josephson junction) is a particular type of the Josephson junction, which has a non-zero Josephson phase φ across it in the ground state. A π Josephson junction, which has the minimum energy corresponding to the phase of π, is a specific example of it.

Introduction

The Josephson energy depends on the superconducting phase difference (Josephson phase) periodically, with the period . Therefore, let us focus only on one period, e.g. . In the ordinary Josephson junction the dependence has the minimum at . The function

,

where Ic is the critical current of the junction, and is the flux quantum, is a good example of conventional .

Instead, when the Josephson energy has a minimum (or more than one minimum per period) at , these minimum (minima) correspond to the lowest energy states (ground states) of the junction and one speaks about "φ Josephson junction". Consider two examples.

First, consider the junction with the Josephson energy having two minima at within each period, where (such that ) is some number. For example, this is the case for

,

which corresponds to the current-phase relation

.

If Ic1>0 and Ic2<-1/2<0, the minima of the Josephson energy occur at , where . Note, that the ground state of such a Josephson junction is doubly degenerate because .

Another example is the junction with the Josephson energy similar to conventional one, but shifted along -axis, for example ,

and the corresponding current-phase relation

.

In this case the ground state is and it is not degenerate.

The above two examples show that the Josephson energy profile in φ Josephson junction can be rather different, resulting in different physical properties. Often, to distinguish, which particular type of the current-phase relation is meant, the researches are using different names. At the moment there is no well-accepted terminology. However, some researchers use the terminology after A. Buzdin:[1] the Josephson junction with double degenerate ground state , similar to the first example above, are indeed called φ Josephson junction, while the junction with non-degenerate ground state, similar to the second example above, are called Josephson junctions.

Realization of φ junctions

The first indications of φ junction behavior (degenerate ground states[2] or unconventional temperature dependence of its critical current[3]) were reported in the beginning of XXI century. These junctions were made of d-wave superconductors.

The first experimental realization of controllable φ junction was reported in September 2012 by the group of Edward Goldobin at University of Tübingen.[4] It is based on a combination of 0 and π segments in one superconducting-insulator-ferromagnetic-superconductor hybrid device and clearly demonstrates two critical currents corresponding to two junction states . The proposal to construct a φ Josephson junction out of (infinitely) many 0 and π segments has appeared in the works by R. Mints and coauthors,[5][6] although at that time there was no term φ junction. For the first time the word φ Josephson junction appeared in the work of Buzdin and Koshelev,[1] whose idea was similar. Following this idea, it was further proposed to use a combination of only two 0 and π segments.[7]

In 2016, a junction based on the nanowire quantum dot was reported by the group of Leo Kouwenhoven at Delft University of Technology. The InSb nanowire has strong spin-orbit coupling, and magnetic field was applied leading to Zeeman effect. This combination breaks both inversion and time-reversal symmetries creating finite current at zero phase difference.[8]

Other theoretically proposed realization include geometric φ junctions. There is a theoretical prediction that one can construct the so-called geometric φ junction based on nano-structured d-wave superconductor.[9] As of 2013, this was not demonstrated experimentally.

Properties of φ junctions

Applications

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Buzdin, A.; Koshelev, A. (June 2003). "Periodic alternating 0- and π-junction structures as realization of φ-Josephson junctions". Physical Review B. 67 (22). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.220504.
  2. Il'ichev, E.; Grajcar, M.; Hlubina, R.; IJsselsteijn, R. P. J.; Hoenig, H. E.; Meyer, H.-G.; Golubov, A.; Amin, M. H. S.; Zagoskin, A. M.; Omelyanchouk, A. N.; Kupriyanov, M. Yu. (4 June 2001). "Degenerate Ground State in a Mesoscopic Grain Boundary Josephson Junction". Physical Review Letters. 86 (23): 5369–5372. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5369.
  3. Testa, G.; Monaco, A.; Esposito, E.; Sarnelli, E.; Kang, D.-J.; Mennema, S. H.; Tarte, E. J.; Blamire, M. G. (2004). "Midgap state-based π-junctions for digital applications". Applied Physics Letters. 85 (7): 1202. doi:10.1063/1.1781744.
  4. Sickinger, H.; Lipman, A.; Weides, M.; Mints, R. G.; Kohlstedt, H.; Koelle, D.; Kleiner, R.; Goldobin, E. (September 2012). "Experimental Evidence of a φ Josephson Junction". Physical Review Letters. 109 (10). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.107002.
  5. Mints, R. (February 1998). "Self-generated flux in Josephson junctions with alternating critical current density". Physical Review B. 57 (6): R3221–R3224. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.57.R3221.
  6. 1 2 Mints, R.; Papiashvili, Ilya (August 2001). "Josephson vortices with fractional flux quanta at YBa2Cu3O7-x grain boundaries". Physical Review B. 64 (13). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.134501.
  7. Goldobin, E.; Koelle, D.; Kleiner, R.; Mints, R. G. (November 2011). "Josephson Junction with a Magnetic-Field Tunable Ground State". Physical Review Letters. 107 (22). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.227001.
  8. Szombati, D. B.; S. Nadj-Perge, D. Car, S. R. Plissard, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, L. P. Kouwenhoven (2 May 2016). "Josephson ϕ0-junction in nanowire quantum dots". Nature Physics. doi:10.1038/nphys3742. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help); horizontal tab character in |coauthors= at position 39 (help)
  9. Gumann, A.; Iniotakis, C.; Schopohl, N. (2007). "Geometric π Josephson junction in d-wave superconducting thin films". Applied Physics Letters. 91 (19): 192502. doi:10.1063/1.2801387.
  10. Mints, R.; Papiashvili, Ilya; Kirtley, J.; Hilgenkamp, H.; Hammerl, G.; Mannhart, J. (July 2002). "Observation of Splintered Josephson Vortices at Grain Boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7-δ". Physical Review Letters. 89 (6). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.067004.
  11. Goldobin, E.; Koelle, D.; Kleiner, R.; Buzdin, A. (December 2007). "Josephson junctions with second harmonic in the current-phase relation: Properties of φ junctions". Physical Review B. 76 (22). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.224523.
  12. Goldobin, E.; Sickinger, H.; Weides, M.; Ruppelt, N.; Kohlstedt, H.; Kleiner, R.; Koelle, D. (2013). "Memory cell based on a ϕ Josephson junction". Applied Physics Letters. 102 (24): 242602. doi:10.1063/1.4811752.
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