Ulmus alata
| Winged elm | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leaves | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Ulmaceae |
| Genus: | Ulmus |
| Species: | U. alata |
| Binomial name | |
| Ulmus alata Michx. | |
 | |
| Natural range | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States. The species is tolerant of a wide range of soils, and of ponding, but is the least shade-tolerant of the North American elms. Its growth rate is often very slow, the trunk increasing in diameter by less than 5 mm (3⁄16 in) per year. The tree is occasionally considered a nuisance as it readily invades old fields, forest clearings, and rangelands, proving particularly difficult to eradicate with herbicides.[1]
Description
As its common and scientific[2] names imply, winged elm is most easily recognized by the very broad, thin pair of corky wings that form along the branchlets after a couple of years. The tree generally grows to a maximum height and breadth of about 13 m × 13 m (43 ft × 43 ft), although on fertile alluvial soils such as those of the Mississippi River Delta, some specimens have reached double this height (see 'Notable trees' below). The crown can be either rounded or pyramidal; the branches are pendulous.[3]
The leaves are comparatively small for the genus, less than 6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in) long and less than 2.0 cm (3⁄4 in) broad, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, thin in texture, and smooth above. The wind-pollinated perfect apetalous flowers are borne on long pedicels in March and April before the leaves appear. The reddish samaras are also relatively small, less than 8 mm (5⁄16 in) long, narrowly elliptic with two long incurving stigmas at the tip,[4] and usually disperse before the end of April.[5][6]
Pests and diseases
Like the other North American species of elm, U. alata is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease and Elm Yellows (Elm phloem necrosis).[7]
Cultivation
Ulmus alata is rarely cultivated beyond its natural range. It remains in commercial production in the USA, and is occasionally available in Europe; several specimens are also grown in New Zealand.[8]
Notable trees
On the silty uplands of the Mississippi Delta, Ulmus alata can attain 27 m (89 ft) in height, although the trunk diameter rarely exceeds 60 cm (24 in) d.b.h. In the old growth Fernbank Forest in Atlanta, Georgia, the species attains heights up to 39 metres (128 ft). A tree measuring 40 metres (130 ft) high has been reported from the Congaree National Park in South Carolina.[9] However, the USA National Champion, measuring 27 metres (89 ft) high in 2009, grows in Hopewell County, Virginia.[10]
Cultivars
Other uses
Ulmus alata is of minimal commercial significance, its hard timber considered no more remarkable than that of other American elms, and of limited use because of the commonly small size of the trees. However, owing to its resistance to splitting, it is used to make high-quality hockey sticks.
Accessions
- North America
- Arnold Arboretum. Acc. no. 404-95, wild collected.
- Bartlett Tree Experts[11] Acc. no. 1438, unrecorded provenance.
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden,[12] New York City. Acc. nos. 730275, X00886
- Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest , Clermont, Kentucky. No details available.
- Morton Arboretum. Acc. no. 116-96, wild collected Papoose Lake, Illinois.
- Europe
- Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection.[13] One tree at East Brighton Park, UK champion 13 m (43 ft) high, 31 cm (12 1⁄4 in) d.b.h. in 2001.[14]
- Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 506
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Acc. no. 20080092, from seed wild collected in USA.
- Thenford House, Northamptonshire, UK. No details available.
- Australasia
- Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.
Nurseries
- North America
Widely available.
- Europe
- Arboretum Waasland, Nieuwkerken-Waas, Belgium.
- Grange Farm Plants, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK.
- Plantentuin Esveld, Netherlands.
Seed suppliers
References
- ↑ University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department (1994). Fact Sheet ST-648. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
- ↑ Alata is Latin for "winged".
- ↑
- ↑ Photo of U. alata samarae, jimbotany.com/16-Catalog_Ra_through_Z-Ackn-LitCitd.htm,
- ↑ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-06938-0
- ↑ Schnelle, M. (1999). Field Notes: Ulmus alata. American Nurseryman, page 1998, 1 March 1999. p. 98. Chicago
- ↑ "Elm Phloem Necrosis".
- ↑ Auckland Botanical Society Journal (2003). Vol. 58 (1), June 2003. ISSN 0113-4132
- ↑ http://www.nativetreesociety.org/events/congaree2009/NewCongMaxList.xls
- ↑ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ↑ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
- Snow, G. A. (1990). "Ulmus alata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2 – via Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry (www.na.fs.fed.us).