Technical details of Netflix

Netflix is an American-based company that offers a service for streaming movies and TV series over the Internet. Several technical development efforts were required to provide this service.

Streaming

Initial DVD discs sent to customers via US mail often received criticisms of being scratched and unable to fully play the rented movie. The popularity of Netflix dramatically increased with the addition of streaming through an online queue. This led to the majority of Netflix users reliably streaming movies and television shows rather than receiving physical DVD discs by mail.

Initially streaming starting in 2007 solely using Microsoft technologies and codecs such as VC-1 for video and Windows Media Audio (WMA) for audio, the rapid expansion and diversity of Netflix-capable devices have necessitated encoding into many different formats – including H.264 (AVC), VC-1, H.263 and H.265 (HEVC) for video, and Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) and Ogg Vorbis for audio.^[1] According to Netflix, the vast number of codec and bitrate combinations can mean having to encode the same title 120 different times before it can be delivered to all streaming platforms.^[2]

Netflix uses adaptive bitrate streaming technology to adjust the video and audio quality to match a customer's broadband connection speed and realtime network conditions.

In 2015, BT's YouView launched Ultra HD channels and a 4K box to watch it on in the UK.^[3] As of December 2015, Netflix's 4K catalogue can be watched on BT's Ultra HD box. In order to stream the Ultra HD content, users need the top-tier subscription option.^[4]

Netflix provides users the ability to choose their download rates quality of video on its website.

Netflix API

On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a public application programming interface (API).^[5] The Netflix API allows access to data for all Netflix titles as well as access on a user's behalf to manage his or her movie queue. The API was free and allowed commercial use.^[6] A developer network included a forum for asking and answering questions.^[7]

Examples of using the service included Rotten Tomatoes and The New York Times, which allow users to click to add titles to their Netflix queue or begin watching on "Watch Instantly" from their pages,^[7] and Jinni, which enabled one to search within Watch Instantly and imported some user information such as reviews.^[8]

The API allowed developers to release Netflix applications for mobile devices. For example, on November 16, 2009, Netflix released an official Nokia app that allowed some trailer streaming,^[9] and on August 26, 2010, Netflix released an official iPhone app.^[10] However, in June 2012, Netflix began to cut back the availability of its public API.^[11] The company instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most of the traffic came from those private interfaces.^[12] In June 2014, Netflix announced that they would be retiring the public API. This became effective November 14, 2014.^[13] Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed to have been the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio, and Nextguide.^[14]

Information technology

In 2010, Netflix moved to using Amazon EC2 for its information technology (IT) resources. Master copies of digital films from movie studios are stored on Amazon S3, and each film is encoded into over 50 different versions based on video resolution and audio quality using machines on the cloud. In total, Netflix has over 1 petabyte of data stored on Amazon, and the data is sent to content delivery networks (including Akamai Technologies, Limelight Networks and Level 3 Communications) that feed the content to local ISPs. Netflix uses a number of pieces of open-source software in its backend, including Java, MySQL, Gluster, Apache Tomcat, Hive, Chukwa, Cassandra and Hadoop.^[15]

In June, 2012, a storm in the Eastern US caused power outages in a major Amazon data center. This caused a three-hour downtime in Netflix services, and resulted in some improvements to the Netflix recovery software.^[16] Another outage was experienced on December 24, 2012.^[17]

Netflix developed several technologies to help manage its IT systems, an area known as DevOps. One tool is called the "simian army", which includes the "chaos monkey".^[18] By intentionally creating different failures, the ability to survive them can be tested under controlled conditions before they affect customers. The technology is claimed under at least one patent, filed in 2010 with inventors Gregory S. Orzell and Yury Izrailevsky.^[19] Similar approaches were taken in the GameDay software by Jesse Robbins at Amazon.com, "DIRT" created by at Google, and others.^{[20] [21]} The related software was made available on GitHub in 2012.^[22] This approach has been used for case studies,^[23] and as the title of a 2016 memoir on a life in Silicon Valley, Chaos Monkeys.^[24][25]

Open Connect

Netflix settlement freely peers with Internet service providers (ISPs) directly and at common Internet exchange points. In June 2012, a custom content delivery network called Open Connect was announced.^[26] For larger ISPs that have over 100,000 subscribers Netflix offers free Netflix Open Connect server appliances that cache Netflix content within the ISPs' data centers or networks to further reduce Internet transit costs.^[27][28] The Open Connect appliances are purpose-built servers that focus on low power and high storage density, and run the FreeBSD operating system, nginx and the Bird Internet routing daemon.^[29] By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.^[30]

A 2016 study at the University of London detected 233 individual locations over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the USA, followed by Mexico.^[31][32]

References