TKS (spacecraft)

 TKS spacecraft
Description
Role: Manned spacecraft to supply the military Almaz space station
Crew: three
Dimensions
Height: 13.2 m 43.31 ft
Diameter: 4.15 m 13.61 ft
Volume: 45.00 m3
Rocket engines
Main Engine (N2O4/UDMH): 7840 N 1763 lbf ea
Performance
Endurance: 7 days
Apogee: 266 km
Perigee: 223 km
Inclination: 52 degrees
Spacecraft delta v: 700 m/s 2290 ft/s
Cutaway of TKS vehicle

The TKS spacecraft (Russian: Транспортный корабль снабжения, Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia, Transport Supply Spacecraft,[1] GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station.

The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role – only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to Salyut space stations) during the program. The Functional Cargo Block (FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the Zarya FGB module on the International Space Station.

The TKS spacecraft consisted of two spacecraft mated together, both of which could operate independently:

While the VA carried the reentry hardware, and only minimal life support and maneuvering systems, the FGB would have been used as the primary orbital maneuvering system and cargo storage for the TKS spacecraft.

The FGB could also be used alone as an unmanned cargo module without an VA spacecraft, which enabled the FGB design to be re-purposed as FGB space station modules later on. The VA spacecraft on the other hand was also intended to be launched as "Almaz APOS", mated with an Almaz-OPS space station core as the primary orbital maneuvering system, instead of a FGB. As of August 2009, Excalibur Almaz planned to use the VA capsule as low-cost cargo return vehicles.[2]

Design

A model of an TKS spacecraft. On the left is the cylindrical Functional Cargo Block with attached solar panels. In the middle is the VA spacecraft, with the conical VA return capsule for the crew and the VA's orbital manoeuvring engines in the long nose section. Standing right front is the launch escape system, which would have been attached to the top of the VA's nose section during launch and jettisoned after a successful launch.

The TKS spacecraft was designed by Vladimir Chelomei (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block)[3] as a manned spacecraft launched with Proton rocket alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for use with Almaz space stations. Development began in 1965; the Almaz programme had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The VA spacecraft ("Vozvrashaemiy Apparat") was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.[4]

The project had further evolved with space station "Modulny" ("Modular") based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with Salyut 7, Mir and ISS space stations. This development was designated FGB, or Functional Cargo Block.

The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or Return Vehicle commonly referred to as the VA), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (Functional/Cargo Block module or FGB).

TKS VA

Main article: VA spacecraft

The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re-entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction control system, de-orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.

The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the Chelomei's LK-1 manned circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for Chelomei's LK-700 Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the Apollo capsule, but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.

TKS FGB

The FGB was entered from the VA spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the Almaz space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational TKS spacecraft would have delivered KSI film return capsules to Almaz stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.

Details

TKS VA return capsule of Kosmos 1443
Specifications
Crew size: 3
Design life: 7 days
Orbital storage: 200 days
Typical orbit: 223 km x 266 km at 52 degrees inclination
Length: 13.2 m (43.31 ft)
Maximum diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft)
Span: 17.00 m (55.00 ft)
Habitable volume: 45.00 m3
Mass: 17,510 kg (38,600 lb)
Payload: 12,600 kg (27,700 lb)
Main engine thrust: 7.840 kN (1,763 lbf)
Main engine propellants: N2O4/UDMH
Main engine propellants: 3,822 kg (8,426 lb)
Main engine Isp: 291 sec
Spacecraft delta v: 700 m/s (2,290 ft/s)
Electrical system: Solar panels 17 m span 40 m²
Electric system: 2.40 average kW
Associated launch vehicle: Proton 8K82K

Missions

VA spacecraft test flights

Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:[4]

TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)

Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977[4] – it was a "solo" test flight and was not destined for a Salyut space station.[5] The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.[6]

TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)

Main article: Kosmos 1267

On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1267, the first FGB to dock with a space station.[4] After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with Salyut 6, after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.

TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)

On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1443.[4] This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to Salyut 7 two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing 100 km south-east of Arkalsk and returning 350 kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.

TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)

Main article: Kosmos 1686
A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. The "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote sensing instruments.[4][7]

TKS-4 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1686 on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and manned controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high-resolution photo apparatus, an infrared telescope and the Ozon spectrometer). The TKS successfully docked with Salyut 7.

The "military" long duration crew Salyut 7 EO-4, consisting of Viktor Savinykh, Alexander Volkov and the commander Vladimir Vasyutin, had manned Salyut 7 that month to conduct experiments with TKS-4. Commander Vasyutin fell ill soon after arriving at the station. Originally scheduled to have a six-month stay aboard Salyut 7, Vasyutin's illness forced the crew to make an emergency return to Earth on 21 November 1985, preventing the crew from finishing the TKS experiments. The crew of Soyuz T-15 returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station.[4][8]

Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another 'TKS' crew – there were even plans to return using the Buran shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over Argentina.

Further usage

The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several later space station components, such as:

Two TKS/Almaz VA capsules were bought for commercial use, by the private spaceflight company, Excalibur Almaz. As of 2014 one of those were auctioned for 1 million euro,[9] and the other was reportedly shipped away from the company's headquarters on Isle of Man in an undisclosed direction.[10]

TKS based and descendant spacecraft and modules.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE". Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  2. ↑ "Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz". Spaceflight Now. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  3. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A. (November–December 2001). "The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964-1992, part one" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 54 (11/12 2001): 399. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sven Grahn. "The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station". Space History Notes.
  5. ↑ "Kosmos 929 - NSSDC ID: 1977-066A". NASA NSSDC.
  6. ↑ "Largest Objects to Reenter". The Aerospace Corporation.
  7. ↑ "TKS". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  8. ↑ D.S.F. Portree. "Mir Hardware Heritage" (PDF). NASA.
  9. ↑ Doug Messier (19 May 2014). "Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction". parabolicarc.com.
  10. ↑ Doug Messier (11 March 2015). "End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz?". parabolicarc.com.

Further reading

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