Synclavier

Synclavier I (1977), with HOP box

The Synclavier System was an early digital synthesizer, polyphonic digital sampling system, and music workstation manufactured by New England Digital Corporation of Norwich, Vermont, USA.

The original design and development of the Synclavier prototype occurred at Dartmouth College with the collaboration of Professor Jon Appleton, Professor of Digital Electronics, Sydney A. Alonso, and Cameron Jones, a software programmer and student at Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering.

History

Synclavier II and floppy disc drive

Synclavier I

First released in 1977–78,^[1][2][3] it proved to be highly influential among both electronic music composers and music producers, including Mike Thorne, an early adopter from the commercial world, due to its versatility, its cutting-edge technology, and distinctive sounds. Frank Zappa also made extensive use of the Synclavier.

The early Synclavier Digital Synthesizer used FM synthesis, and was sold mostly to universities. Some such systems had only a computer and synthesis modules, but no keyboard.

Synclavier II

The system evolved in its next generation of product, the Synclavier II, which was released in early 1980 with the strong influence of master synthesist and music producer Denny Jaeger of Oakland, California. It was originally Jaeger's suggestion that the FM synthesis concept be extended to allow four simultaneous channels or voices of synthesis to be triggered with one key depression to allow the final synthesized sound to have much more harmonic series activity. This change greatly improved the overall sound design of the system and was very noticeable.

Keyboard controller

Display and control wheel on VPK (1984)

Synclavier II models used an on/off type keyboard (called the "ORK") while later models, labeled simply "Synclavier", used a weighted velocity- and pressure-sensitive keyboard (called the "VPK") that was licensed from Sequential Circuits and used in their Prophet-T8 synthesizer.

Digital sampling

STD: Sample-To-Disk interface (c.1982)

The company evolved the system continuously through the early 1980s to integrate the first 16-bit digital sampling system to magnetic disk, and eventually a 16-bit polyphonic sampling system to memory, as well. The company's product was the only digital sampling system that allowed sample rates to go as high as 100 kHz.

Tapeless studio concept

Ultimately, the system was referred to as the Synclavier Digital Recording "Tapeless Studio" system among many professionals. It was a pioneer system in revolutionizing movie and television sound effects and Foley effects methods of design and production starting at Glen Glenn Sound. Although pricing made it inaccessible for most musicians, it found widespread use among producers and professional recording studios, competing at times in this market with high-end production systems such as the Fairlight CMI.

Technological achievements

When the company launched and evolved its technology, there were no off-the-shelf computing systems and integrated software and sound cards. Consequently, all of the hardware from the company's main real-time CPU, all input and output cards, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog cards and all of its memory cards, and more, were all developed internally, as well as all of the software. This was certainly a monumental task at best in those times. In fact, the hardware and software of the company's real-time capability was used in other fields completely remote to music, such as the main Dartmouth College campus computing node computers for one of the USA's first campus-wide computing networks, and in medical data acquisition research projects.

End of manufacture

New England Digital ceased operations in 1993. The bulk of its assets were purchased by Fostex of Japan.

Models and options

Prototype

• Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer (1973)^[1]

Processor

• ABLE computer (1975): an early product of New England Digital, was a 16-bit mini-computer on two cards, using a transport triggered architecture.^[4][5] It used a variant of XPL called Scientific XPL for programming.^[6] Early applications of the ABLE were for laboratory automation, data collection, and device control. The commercial version of the Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer, the Synclavier, was built on this processor.^[7]

Digital Synthesis cards

• The FM/Additive synthesis waveforms are produced by the Synclavier Synthesizer cards (named SS1 through SS5). Each set of these five cards produced 8 mono FM voices (later variants supported stereo). The processor handles sending start-stop-setPitch-setParameter commands to the SS card set(s), as well as handling scanning of the keyboard and control panel. There is little public documentation available on these cards, as their design was the unique asset of the Synclavier. However, their structure was similar to other digital synthesizers of the mid-late 1970's realized in Medium Scale Integration (MSI) hardware, such as the Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer.^[8]

Black panel models

Synclavier I

On 1970s–late 1980s:

• Synclavier I (1977)^[2]
  • Hand Operated Processor (HOP box): a troubleshooting tool for the Synclavier system, connected to ABLE computer via "D01 Front Panel Interface Card".

• 

  HOP box and D01 card (for interface)

• 

  Terminal: ADM-3A (1975)

Synclavier II

• Synclavier II (1979): 8-bit FM/additive synthesis, 32-track memory recorder, and ORK keyboard. Earlier models were entirely controlled via ORK keyboard with buttons and wheel; a VT100 terminal was subsequently introduced for editing performances. Later models had a VT640 graphic terminal for graphical audio analysis (described below).^[7]
  • Original Keyboard (ORK, c.1979): original musical keyboard controller in a wooden chassis, with buttons and silver control wheel on the panel.^[7]
  • Sample-to-Disk (STD, c.1982): a first commercial hard disk streaming sampler, with 16-bit sampling at up to 50 kHz.^[7]
  • Sample-to-Memory (STM): later option to sample sounds and edit them in computer memory.^[9]
  • Direct-to-Disk (DTD, c.1984): a first commercial hard disk recording system.
  • Signal File Manager: a software program operated via VT640 graphic terminal, enabling 'Additive Resynthesis' and complex audio analysis.^[7]
  • Digital Guitar Interface^[10][11]
  • SMPTE timecode tracking^[7]
  • MIDI interface^[7]

• 

  Rear panel of Synclavier II

• 

  ORK: Original Keyboard (c.1979)

• 

  Terminal: DEC VT100 (1978) / VT640

Synclavier PSMT rack (1984)

• Synclavier PSMT (1984): a faster ABLE Model C processor based system, with a new 'Multi-Channel-Distribution' real-time digitally controlled analog signal routing technology, and 16-bit RAM-based stereo sampling subsystem. The monaural FM voice card was doubled up and enabling software panning for stereo output was introduced.^[7]
  • Velocity/Pressure Keyboard (VPK, c.1984): a weighted velocity/after-pressure sensitive musical keyboard controller, was introduced. This had a black piano lacquer finished chassis, a larger display, additional buttons and a silver control wheel.^[7]

• 

  Synclavier PSMT rack

• 

  VPK panel (2 of 6)

• 

  VPK: Velocity Pressure Keyboard (1984)

Ivory panel models

Terminal: Apple Macintosh II (1987)

On late 1980s–1993; operated via Macintosh II as terminal.

• Synclavier 3200^[9]
• Synclavier 6400^[9]
• Synclavier 9600^[9]
• Synclavier TS (Tapeless Studio): consists of "Synclavier" and "Direct-to-Disk"^[9]
• Synclavier Post Pro: consists of "Direct-to-Disk"^[9]
• Synclavier Post Pro SD (Sound Design): consists of small "Synclavier" and "Direct-to-Disk"^[9]

Notable users

Pat Metheny playing guitar synthesizer; in the 1980s, he played Synclavier with this guitar controller (Roland G-303), in addition to an early Synclavier guitar controller.^[10][11]

• Tony Banks of Genesis used a Synclavier II (ORK version) on the albums Genesis and Invisible Touch and their respective tours, along with solo albums and soundtracks of that period, notably on "Mama" and "Home by the Sea."^[12]
• Christopher Boyes, supervising sound editor/sound designer for the film Avatar, used the Synclavier for blending or layering different sound effects and matching pitches.^[13]
• Joel Chadabe: composer/founder of Electronic Music Foundation. In September 1977 he bought the first Synclavier without musical keyboard (ORK), and wrote custom software to control Synclavier via various devices.^[2]
• Suzanne Ciani used a Synclavier to design sounds for the Bally Xenon pinball game released in 1980.^[14]
• Chick Corea used the Synclavier on various Elektric Band albums from 1986 to 1991 as well as various Elektric Band tours.^[15]
• Paul Davis: singer/songwriter,^[16] producer at Monarch Sound in Atlanta.^[17]
• Depeche Mode had access to producer Daniel Miller's Synclavier, which was responsible for the character of the sound of Construction Time Again, Some Great Reward and Black Celebration.^[18]
• Vince DiCola: used the Synclavier extensively in creating studio albums; also for soundtracks Rocky IV and The Transformers: The Movie^[19]
• Patrick Gleeson: film score composer. Used the Synclavier to score Apocalypse Now and The Plague Dogs.^[20]
• Paul Hardcastle: composer and musician.^[21]
• Michael Hoenig: film scoring work on the Synclavier, including The Wraith.^[22]
• Trevor Horn: used the Synclavier to produce records by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Yes, and Grace Jones (Slave to the Rhythm), among others.^[23]
• Mannheim Steamroller: used on most of their albums to present^[24]
• Michael Jackson: particularly on his 1982 album Thriller, programming by Steve Porcaro, Brian Banks, and Anthony Marinelli. The gong sound at the beginning of "Beat It" comes courtesy of the Synclavier.^[25] The Synclavier was extensively used on Jackson's 1987 album Bad and on its accompanying tour, programmed and played by Christopher Currell.^[26][27] The Synclavier was also used by Andrew Scheps to slice and edit Jackson's beatboxing on his 1995 album HIStory. ^[28]
• Eddie Jobson: the 1985 album Theme of Secrets was completely made with a Synclavier.^[29][30]
• Shane Keister: used in the movie Ernest Goes to Camp^[31][32]
• Mark Knopfler: Used on the scores for the films The Princess Bride and Last Exit to Brooklyn, in which all sounds except guitar (and in the latter case, horns) were produced by the Synclavier. The Synclavier is also heard on the Dire Straits albums Love over Gold (played by Alan Clark), Brothers in Arms (played by Guy Fletcher), and On Every Street.^[33]
• Men Without Hats used on the album Folk of the 80s (Part III).^[34]
• John McLaughlin used it on the albums Adventures in Radioland and Mahavishnu.^[35]
• Pat Metheny: American jazz guitarist.^[22]
• Mr. Mister: used Synclavier on albums I Wear the Face, Welcome to the Real World, and Go On....^[36]
• Danny Quatrochi used Synclavier on Sting's album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).^[37]
• Kashif Saleem, American post-disco and contemporary R&B record producer, multi-instrumentalist, also a creative consultant^[38] with the New England Digital Corporation: Bass synthesizer music pioneer and an early Synclavier II avid user who used Synclavier in production, for instance, of his Grammy-nominated instrumental piece "The Mood" (1983). His innovating vocalist-related sampling methods (created using Synclavier) are still in use.^[39][40]
• Howard Shore, film score composer: pictured with a Synclavier on the cover of Berklee Today, Fall 1997.^[41]
• Alan Silvestri: in producing the scores for the 1980s films The Clan of the Cave Bear and Flight of the Navigator.^[42]
• Paul Simon: on Simon's 1983 album Hearts and Bones, Tom Coppola is credited for Synclavier for "When Numbers Get Serious", "Think Too Much (b)", "Song About the Moon", and "Think Too Much (a)"; and Wells Christie is credited with Synclavier on "Rene And Georgette Magritte With Their Dog After The War".^[43] On his 1986 album Graceland, Simon is credited under "Synclavier" for "I Know What I Know" and "Gumboots".
• Mark Snow: film and television score composer; Synclavier used on The X-Files.^[44]
• Sting: used the Synclavier extensively in pre-production as he embarked on a solo career. "We Work The Black Seam" rehearsal on YouTube.
• James Stroud: producer who used a Synclavier II on many hit albums he produced.^[45]
• Mike Thorne: producer, one of the first musicians to buy a Synclavier; used it on records by Siouxsie and the Banshees, Soft Cell ("Tainted Love"), Marc Almond, and Bronski Beat, among others.^[46]
• Pete Townshend: started using the Synclavier since the recording of All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes and all albums after.^[47]
• Triumph: Rik Emmett used a Synclavier 9600 around the period of Thunder Seven to Surveillance.^[48]
• Whodini: Synclavier II was used on albums Escape and Back In Black.^[49]
• Stevie Wonder: used a Synclavier to sample the voices of Clair Huxtable and children in an episode of The Cosby Show.^[50]
• Neil Young, who used an early Synclavier II on his 1981 album Re-ac-tor, and more extensively on his uncharacteristically electronic Trans (1982).^[51]
• Frank Zappa: in 1982 one of the first Synclavier owners; 1984's Thing-Fish (underscoring), Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger (underscoring) and Francesco Zappa (solely Synclavier); 1985's Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention (sampled sounds); 1986's Grammy-winning album Jazz from Hell ("St. Etienne" excepted, solely Synclavier); 1994's Civilization Phaze III completed in 1993 shortly before his death, released posthumously, musical portions composed and recorded exclusively using the Synclavier. Zappa also used the instrument to create the music released in 2011 on Feeding the Monkies at Ma Maison.^[52]

See also

• Fostex Foundation 2000

References

External links

• "What Makes The Synclavier So Special And Different?" Steve Hills, Synclavier European Services
• Synclavier Early History