Stankonia

Stankonia
Studio album by OutKast
Released October 31, 2000
Recorded 1999–2000
Studio Stankonia Recording in Atlanta and A&M In Los Angeles
Genre Hip hop
Length 73:07
Label LaFace, Arista
Producer Earthtone III, Organized Noize
OutKast chronology
Aquemini
(1998)		 Stankonia
(2000)		 Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast
(2001)
Singles from Stankonia
  1. "B.O.B"
    Released: May 19, 2000
  2. "Ms. Jackson"
    Released: October 3, 2000
  3. "So Fresh, So Clean"
    Released: March 13, 2001

Stankonia is the fourth studio album by American hip hop duo OutKast. It was released on October 31, 2000, by La Face Records. The album was recorded in the duo's recently purchased Atlanta recording facility Stankonia Studios, which allowed for fewer time and recording constraints, and featured production work from Earthtone III (a production team consisting of Outkast and Mr. DJ) and Organized Noise.

For the follow-up to their 1998 album Aquemini, the duo worked to create an expansive and experimental musical aesthetic, drawing on a diverse array of sources that included funk, rave music, psychedelia, gospel, and rock within a Dirty South-oriented hip hop context.[1] During the recording sessions, André 3000 began moving beyond traditional rapping in favor of a more melodic vocal style, an approach to which Big Boi and several other producers were initially unaccustomed. Lyrically, the duo touched upon a wide range of subject matter, including sexuality, politics, misogyny, African-American culture, parenthood, and introspection. Stankonia featured appearances from a variety of local musicians discovered by the group while they were visiting clubs in the city of Atlanta, Georgia.

Stankonia received universal acclaim from music critics upon its release, and has since been regarded by many to be one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling over 530,000 copies the first week. It produced three singles: "B.O.B", "Ms. Jackson", and "So Fresh, So Clean"; "Ms. Jackson" became the group's first single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. At the 2002 Grammy Awards, OutKast won Best Rap Album for Stankonia and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Ms. Jackson". In 2003, the album was ranked number 359 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Background

The flag that is featured on the album cover of Stankonia.

OutKast's 1998 album Aquemini received extremely positive reviews from music critics, and expanded the group's musical diversity and experimentation. The record received the coveted five out of five "mic"-rating from The Source, and is credited with opening up Southern hip hop to other areas in the United States.[2] Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon, who collaborated on the song "Skew It on the Bar-B" from Aquemini, recalled, "Before that, the South just wasn't played in New York. But that song was hot, the flows was crazy. The cycle changed. It really opened up the door for Southern rappers."[2]

In March 1998, André 3000 and Big Boi purchased a studio off Northside Drive in Atlanta which had formerly belonged to R&B singer Bobby Brown.[3] The studio had sentimental value for the duo, as it was the first place the two had ever recorded vocals together, on a remix of TLC's "What About Your Friends" (1992).[4] The two named the studio "Stankonia", a word created by André 3000 as a combination of the words "stank", a slang synonym for "funky", and "Plutonia", the title of a poster in his bedroom depicting a futuristic city.[3] He explained, "Stankonia is this place I imagined where you can open yourself up and be free to express anything".[5]

Recording

The recording of Stankonia began in spring of 1999 and lasted for about a year.[3] Owning a studio helped the band expand creatively, as the duo did not need to worry about time constraints that would occur with a rented studio.[4] André 3000 observed, "You can sit there and fuck with just a kick and a snare all day long if you want to ... You're not working on the clock. Really, you're just working on your mind."[4] Big Boi spent the majority of the recording time in the studio, while André 3000 worked at home, creating beats and experimenting with an acoustic guitar.[3] One song that came from a jam session on the guitar was "Ms. Jackson", the album's second single.[3] André 3000 also created song lyrics by writing words on the walls of his home: "I had planned to paint my house anyway; writing on the walls was just something I would do."[6] One stray lyric on his wall eventually developed into "Gasoline Dreams".[6]

Much of the album was formulated during "vibe sessions" in which the group and producers would visit clubs in downtown Atlanta, select performers they saw, and invite them to the studio.[7] They would then "sit around, smoke a few, drink a few", and create ideas for new songs.[7] However, recording sessions became difficult as André 3000 grew tired of rapping on songs, which made Big Boi and the producers uneasy about how the music would sound.[3] To maintain musical cohesion with Big Boi while continuing to expand his vocal palette, André decided to combine rapping with soul-inspired crooning, which had a major influence on Stankonia's sound.[3] "Snappin & Trappin'" features a guest appearance from then-unknown rapper Killer Mike. The rapper noted that while working with OutKast, he used the opportunity to try to "compete" with the duo to improve his rapping skills.[8] Big Boi was impressed with Killer Mike's abilities, noting, "When I first heard him spit, his voice was just so commanding. He's a very intelligent guy."[8]

Composition

Music and style
"B.O.B. (Bombs Over Baghdad)"
The song "B.O.B. (Bombs Over Baghdad)" contains elements of drum and bass music in addition to combining guitars, organs, and gospel vocals. André 3000 and Big Boi's raps keep pace with the quick-tempo of the track.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

While OutKast's previous albums were considered to be laid-back, mellow efforts, Stankonia contains faster, more high-energy tempos, partially to reflect the "chaotic times" at the turn of the 21st century.[9] The group took note of new, harder drugs hitting the hip-hop scene and teenagers using ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine.[9] Big Boi reflected, "Niggas living this life at a fast speed don't know what's going on around them. If you live fast, you gonna come out of here real fast, so the music need to show that."[9] While recording Stankonia, the band refrained from listening to hip-hop, "That music was starting to sound real comfortable. There wasn't any adventure to it."[10] Instead, the duo drew influence from musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Prince.[11] However, the band refrained from producing a throwback sound with the record and instead hoped to utilize these influences in a modern, experimental fashion.[12]

On Stankonia, OutKast experimented with a wide variety of musical genres. According to M. Matos of Vibe, Stankonia "turned the South's predominantly reclined hip-hop sound into something freaky and menacing."[6] "B.O.B" features "jittery drum'n'bass rhythms" and has been classified as a "stylistic tour de force" combining "Hendrix-ian" guitars, organs, and gospel vocals.[13][14] On the track, André 3000 and Big Boi employ a "frantic" flow in order to keep pace with the song's high-speed tempo, which runs at 155 beats per minute.[15][16] "Humble Mumble" is a salsa-influenced track that evolves into a club groove, while "Ms. Jackson" "marries early Prince with late P-funk".[9][17] The smooth melodies of "I'll Call Before I Come" have also been likened to Prince.[4][18] "Gasoline Dreams" has been classified as a "gritty rock scorcher" comparable to the work of Public Enemy.[11] David Bry of Vibe detected a "polished 80's pimp strut" in "So Fresh, So Clean" and an "appreciative, fat-ass bounce" in "We Luv Deez Hoes".[19] The album ends with three psychedelic-influenced tracks, "Toilet Tisha", "Slum Beautiful", and "Stankonia (Stank Love)".[19] "Stankonia (Stank Love)" has also been described as an "homage of sorts" to gospel choirs and '60s doo-wop groups.[20]

Lyrics

Paul Lester of The Guardian described OutKast's lyrical style on the album by saying, "They are, in a way, post-hip-hop, combining PM Dawn's kooky confections with the Pharcyde's hallucinatory whimsy, Public Enemy's hardline politicking with De La Soul's cartoon dementia, to fashion something vital and new."[21] The album commonly features the words "stank" and "smell" in their blues definition to mean "low-down, blunt, pungent: a measure of authenticity".[22] The group often incorporates word play into the lyrics, including references to the "underground smellroad" and chants of "I stank I can, I stank I can", an allusion to The Little Engine That Could.[22] The song "Red Velvet" discusses the materialistic nature of the hip-hop scene.[21] "Humble Mumble" addresses critics who make negative assumptions about hip-hop based on preconceived notions; André 3000 raps in the song: "I met a critic/I made her shit her draws/She said she thought hip-hop was only guns and alcohol/I said oh hell naw/but yet it's that too/You can't discrima-hate cause you done read a book or two."[23]

Much of the album discusses the status of women in the South, and contrasts with the misogynistic attitudes common in hip-hop music. In his book Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide, Oliver Wang writes that songs such as "Slum Beautiful" and "Toilet Tisha" "reimagine 'round the way girls, not only as just more than one-dimensional accessories, but as objects of affection with lives and concerns that are worth exploring."[13] In "Toilet Tisha", the duo empathizes with suicidal pregnant teenagers.[21] "Ms. Jackson" is dedicated to the mother of a mother of an out of wedlock child, which André 3000 refers to as "the baby's mama's mamas".[4][14] The song was inspired by his relationship with singer Erykah Badu, the mother of his child, Seven, and serves as an apology to her mother for causing her daughter pain.[24] "I'll Call Before I Come" discusses the members putting a woman's sexual needs before their own.[25]

Commercial performance

Outkast performing in promotion of Stankonia at the Area Festival in 2001

Stankonia debuted at number two on the Billboard Top 200 album chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) within its first week of release.[25] It also reached number two on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop albums chart, remaining on the chart for 45 weeks.[26] By February 2002, the album has sold 3.79 million copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[27] On November 3, 2003, Stankonia was certified quadruple platinum, for shipments of four million copies.[28] In Canada, the album peaked at number four, and was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association on September 23, 2003 for shipments of over 200,000 units.[26][29] The record also became a top ten hit in Germany, Finland, and Norway, reaching the number six, number eight, and number eight spots on the countries' official charts, respectively.[30][31][32]

The lead single released from Stankonia, "B.O.B", peaked at number 69 on the R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart.[33] However, the single was banned from many urban Top 40 radio stations due to its title and the subject matter it was assumed to have.[16] On February 3, 2001, "Ms. Jackson" topped the R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart, and then on February 17, the single also reached number one on the Hot 100, remaining on the chart for 22 weeks.[34] The song also reached number 13 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart, as well as number three on the magazine's Radio Songs chart.[34] The third single, "So Fresh, So Clean", peaked at number 30 on the Hot 100, and stayed on the chart for 20 weeks.[35] The single also peaked at number ten on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart, and number 24 on the Radio songs chart.[35]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
SourceRating
Metacritic95/100[36]
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[37]
Alternative Press5/5[38]
Entertainment WeeklyA[22]
The Guardian[39]
Los Angeles Times[40]
NME9/10[41]
Q[42]
Rolling Stone[43]
USA Today[44]
The Village VoiceA[45]

Stankonia received widespread acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 95, based on 20 reviews.[36] Derek A. Bardowell of NME noted that with Stankonia, OutKast "hit that rare balance of creative eccentricity and mass appeal" and wrote that the album contains "eternal qualities that will unravel in time on an emotional, intellectual and spiritual level."[41] Nathan Brackett of Rolling Stone called the record "one of the best albums of the year" noting that all of the tracks contain "a down-home generosity and accessibility" and that "even the most street-oriented songs have some sort of commentary in them."[43] Tony Green of The Village Voice praised OutKast's "feel for sonics and structure" and stated, "they've moved toward harder, darker textures, in service of song designs that are often disarmingly subtle."[46] Steve Huey of AllMusic commented that, "given the variety of moods, it helps that the album is broken up by brief, usually humorous interludes, which serve as a sort of reset button. It takes a few listens to pull everything together, but given the immense scope, it's striking how few weak tracks there are".[37] Aishah Hight of PopMatters stated, "Within Stankonia, Outkast successfully presented a southern perspective of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. But on the surface, phat beats and pure funk should suffice."[47] Alternative Press commented that "experienced, acclaimed groups rarely make albums as bold and confrontational as Stankonia, because they have too much to lose", but felt that "OutKast don't care", writing that they "coalesced the political and societal challenges of hip hop's past into what is one of the genre's most artistically unorthodox releases so far."[38]

Robert Christgau of The Village Voice observed "more bounce-to-the-ounce and less molasses in the jams, more delight and less braggadocio in the raps", and opined that Big Boi and André 3000's "realism and high spirits drive each other higher".[45] Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker wrote that "Stankonia reeks of artful ambition rendered with impeccable skill" and described OutKast as "endlessly good-humored and imaginative even when dealing with the most grim and mind-deadening facets of ghetto life."[22] Yahoo! Music's Soren Baker commented that "Dre and Big Boi again reinvent themselves, this time as Parliament-inspired musicians who specialize on male-female relationships, boasting, and out-there lyrics."[48] Baker concluded in his review, "With another nearly flawless album, OutKast arguably solidifies their reputation as one of the best hip-hop groups of all time."[48] The Los Angeles Times opined that "the record's most interesting moments are gorgeous Prince-style soul."[40] Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that "OutKast's music savors the viscous propulsion of funk, with raps and tunes that never ignore the body and its instinctive desires ... Yet OutKast -- taking cues from a band it obviously reveres, Parliament-Funkadelic -- never forgets that bodies are attached to minds."[49] URB called the album "a complex tome that enmeshes contemporary hip-hop values with a timeless Southern soul, while pushing the envelope damn near off the table."[50] Mojo called it "hip hop with the power to convert even the most reactionary nonbelievers."[51]

Legacy and influence

With the release of Stankonia, OutKast became the first hip-hop group to openly acknowledge rave culture as an influence.

Stankonia has received many accolades and appeared on many magazines' "best of" lists; in his book Dirty South, author Ben Westhoff noted that the album appeared on "every critical best-list worth mentioning."[2] At the 2002 Grammy Awards, OutKast won Best Rap Album for Stankonia and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Ms. Jackson".[16] Despite OutKast's being expected favorites, The Recording Academy instead chose the 2000 soundtrack album O Brother, Where Art Thou? for Album of the Year.[27] Before the group's nominations, much of the hip-hop community felt that rappers were not being awarded enough attention from The Recording Academy.[52] However, the album's musical diversity allowed the band to reach a wider audience and was credited for opening the Academy up to more hip-hop musicians.[52]

In 2006, Time named Stankonia as one of the 100 best albums of all time.[53] Rolling Stone ranked the album number 16 on the magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 2000s.[54] In 2009, Pitchfork Media ranked Stankonia number 13 on its list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s, and Rhapsody ranked it at number 2 on its "100 Best Albums of the Decade" list.[55][56] Rhapsody also ranked the album number 6 on its "Hip-Hop's Best Albums of the Decade" list.[57] Vibe ranked the record at number 23 on its list of the "100 Greatest Albums from 1985 to 2005".[6] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "With hummable hits ('Ms. Jackson') and out-there experiments ('B.O.B.'), the rap duo gave us all a visa to the funky if fictional land of Stankonia in 2000."[58] Q listed Stankonia as one of the best 50 albums of 2001.[59] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[60]

With Stankonia, OutKast became the first hip-hop act to openly acknowledge rave culture as an influence.[61] During the late 1990s, rappers tended to embrace slow, laid-back beats in their productions. On several tracks on Stankonia, the group employed faster, more chaotic tempos to reflect rave culture and the introduction of new drugs such as ecstasy into the hip-hop scene.[61] Boston-based DJ Armand Van Helden recalls, "In the nineties, the bpms in hip-hop got slower and the clubs were moody ... it just kind of dragged. I really missed that kind of hands-in-the-air shit."[61] A remix of "B.O.B" created by Rage Against The Machine's Zack de la Rocha received airplay on alternative radio stations, expanding the group's fanbase beyond hip-hop and urban listeners.[62] Despite containing anti-war sentiments, "B.O.B" became popular amongst American troops deployed in Afghanistan.[2] While working on her acclaimed album The ArchAndroid (2010), American R&B singer Janelle Monáe cited Stankonia's experimental nature as an influence.[63] Rapper Pill also acknowledged Stankonia, and particularly the production of Organized Noize, as an inspiration: "The sounds, the instrumentation of the samples, the different horns—everything about the tracks were great to me."[64]

Track listing

No. TitleProducer(s) Length
1. "Intro"  Earthtone III 1:09
2. "Gasoline Dreams" (featuring Khujo)Earthtone III 3:34
3. "I'm Cool (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:42
4. "So Fresh, So Clean"  Organized Noize 4:00
5. "Ms. Jackson"  Earthtone III 4:30
6. "Snappin' & Trappin'" (featuring Killer Mike and J-Sweet)Earthtone III 4:19
7. "D.F. (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:27
8. "Spaghetti Junction"  Organized Noize 3:57
9. "Kim & Cookie (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 1:12
10. "I'll Call Before I Come" (featuring Gangsta Boo and Eco)Earthtone III 4:18
11. "B.O.B"  Earthtone III 5:04
12. "Xplosion" (featuring B-Real)Earthtone III 4:08
13. "Good Hair (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:14
14. "We Luv Deez Hoez" (featuring Backbone and Big Gipp)Organized Noize 4:10
15. "Humble Mumble" (featuring Erykah Badu)Earthtone III 4:50
16. "Drinkin' Again (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:24
17. "?"  Earthtone III 1:28
18. "Red Velvet"  Earthtone III 3:52
19. "Cruisin' in the ATL (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:19
20. "Gangsta Shit" (featuring Slimm Calhoun, Blackowned C-Bone and T-Mo)Earthtone III 4:41
21. "Toilet Tisha"  Earthtone III 4:24
22. "Slum Beautiful" (featuring CeeLo Green)Earthtone III 4:07
23. "Pre-Nump (Interlude)"  Earthtone III 0:27
24. "Stankonia (Stanklove)" (featuring Big Rube and Sleepy Brown)Earthtone III 6:51

Notes:

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (2000) Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[65] 33
Austrian Albums Chart[66] 16
Belgian Albums Chart[67] 25
Danish Albums Chart[68] 17
Dutch Albums Chart[69] 20
Finnish Albums Chart[31] 8
French Albums Chart[70] 26
German Albums Chart[30] 6
New Zealand Albums Chart[71] 17
Norwegian Albums Chart[32] 8
Swiss Albums Chart[72] 14
scope="row" UK Albums (OCC)[73] 10
U.S. Billboard 200[26] 2
U.S. Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums[26] 2
Top Canadian Albums[26] 4

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[74] 2× Platinum 200,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[75] Gold 7,500^
United States (RIAA)[76] 4× Platinum 4,000,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

Personnel

OutKast:

Guest performers

Instrumentalists:

  • Donnie Mathis – guitar
  • David "Whild" Brown – guitar
  • Jason Freeman – horns
  • Jerry Freeman – horns
  • Sleepy Brown – piano, synthesised bass
  • Marvin "Chanz" Parkman – piano, keyboards
  • Earthtone III & Organized Noize – keyboards
  • Preston Crump – bass guitar, synthesized bass
  • Aaron Mills – bass guitar
  • Robert Grister – bass guitar
  • Dookie Blossumgame – bass guitar
  • Victor Alexander – drums

Other people:

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below - OutKast". AllMusic. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Westhoff, 2011. p. 112
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Steps to success OutKast's hard work and careful cultivation of an audience have led to unprecedented Grammy nominations". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. February 26, 2002.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Bry, David (December 2000). "Sentimental Journey". Vibe. Bob Guccione Jr. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  5. ↑ Murray, Sonia (October 30, 2000). "The poet and the playa: OutKast makes sweet music". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "100 Greatest Albums, 1985-now: Stankonia". Spin. Bob Guccione, Jr. July 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  7. 1 2 "Outkast - Stankonia". The Mojo Collection: 4th Edition. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  8. 1 2 Hsu, Hua (January 2003). "Killer Mike: By the Book". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Caramanica, Jon (November 2000). "Atlanta's Braves". CMJ New Music Monthly. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  10. ↑ Moon, 2008. p. 569
  11. 1 2 Crazy Horse, p. 183
  12. ↑ "Electric Warriors". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. February 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  13. 1 2 Wang, 2003. p. 133
  14. 1 2 Huey, Steve. "Stankonia - Outkast - Review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  15. ↑ Kim, Hyun (October 2000). "The dish on the latest cuts: Outkast's "B.O.B"". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 Hess, 2007. p. 465
  17. ↑ Kenon, Marci (September 23, 2000). "Outkast Breaks Hip-Hop Mold". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  18. ↑ Brackett, Nathan. Hoard, Christian. p. 610
  19. 1 2 Bry, David (January 2002). "Best Group: Outkast". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Stankonia - Review". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. November 4, 2000. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  21. 1 2 3 Lester, Paul (May 18, 2001). "PARTNERS IN RHYME: One of them is a blonde-wigged, teetotal vegetarian who reads Pushkin. The other breeds pitbulls in his spare time. Together they have been called the 'greatest living hip-hop act'. Paul Lester hits the road with OutKast". The Guardian.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Tucker, Ken (November 3, 2000). "Stankonia". Entertainment Weekly. New York. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  23. ↑ Boyd, 2003. p. 59
  24. ↑ Johnson, Jr., Billy (November 2000). "Talk Video: Ms. Jackson". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  25. 1 2 Jenkins, Sacha (March 2001). "The End of the Ice Age?". Spin. Bob Guccione, Jr. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 "Chart History: Outkast - Stankonia". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  27. 1 2 Basham, David (February 28, 2002). "Got Charts? Expect 'O Brother' Sales Boost After Unexpected Win". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Gold & Platinum RIAA Certifications 2003". Recording Industry Association of America. November 3, 2003. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Gold & Platinum Certification - Outkast". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
  30. 1 2 "Chartverfolgung / Outkast / Longplay" (in German). Media Control. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  31. 1 2 "Outkast – Stankonia" (in Dutch). The Official Finnish Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  32. 1 2 "Outkast – Stankonia" (in French). VG-lista. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Chart History: Outkast - B.O.B". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  34. 1 2 "Chart History: Outkast - Ms. Jackson". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  35. 1 2 "Chart History: Outkast - So Fresh, So Clean". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  36. 1 2 "Reviews for Stankonia by Outkast". Metacritic. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  37. 1 2 Huey, Steve. "Stankonia – OutKast". AllMusic. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  38. 1 2 "OutKast: Stankonia". Alternative Press. Cleveland (149): 108. December 2000.
  39. ↑ "The lovely noise of leaky plumbing". The Guardian. London. November 10, 2000. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  40. 1 2 "Record Rack". Los Angeles Times. November 30, 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  41. 1 2 Bardowell, Derek A. (November 18, 2000). "Stankonia". NME. London: 41. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  42. ↑ "OutKast: Stankonia". Q. London (172): 114. January 2001.
  43. 1 2 Brackett, Nathan (October 26, 2000). "Outkast: Stankonia". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  44. ↑ Jones, Steve (October 31, 2000). "Outkast visits new territory on 'Stankonia'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  45. 1 2 Christgau, Robert (December 5, 2000). "Consumer Guide: Getting Bizzy". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  46. ↑ Green, Tony (October 31, 2000). "Make My Crunk the P-Funk". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  47. ↑ Hight, Aishah. "Outkast – Stankonia". PopMatters. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  48. 1 2 Baker, Soren. "Stankonia". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  49. ↑ Pareles, Jon (October 29, 2000). "Rappers Turn Dialectic Into a Conversation". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  50. ↑ "OutKast: Stankonia". URB. 10 (79): 134. November 2000.
  51. ↑ "OutKast: Stankonia". Mojo. London (93): 107. August 2001.
  52. 1 2 Jones, Steve (February 11, 2002). "Hip-hop no longer a Grammy outcast". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  53. ↑ "All-Time 100 Albums". Time. Time Warner, Inc. November 2, 2006.
  54. ↑ "100 Best Albums of the 2000s: Outkast, 'Stankonia'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  55. ↑ The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 13) Stankonia. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on October 10, 2010.
  56. ↑ "Rhapsody's 100 Best Albums of the Decade" Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  57. ↑ "Hip-Hop's Best Albums of the Decade" Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  58. ↑ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
  59. ↑ "The Best 50 Albums of 2001". Q. December 2001. pp. 60–65.
  60. ↑ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (23 March 2010). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 978-0-7893-2074-2.
  61. 1 2 3 Reynolds, 2007. p. 333
  62. ↑ Brunner, Rob (November 10, 2000). "The Pride of Funkenstein". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  63. ↑ Lewis, Pete. "Janelle Monáe: Funky Sensation". Blues & Soul. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  64. ↑ Complex Staff (May 12, 2010). "Pill On The Influence Of Organized Noize". Complex. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  65. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia". Australian Recording Industry Association. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  66. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia" (in German). IFPI Austria. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  67. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia" (in French). IFPI Belgium. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  68. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia". Tracklisten. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  69. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  70. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  71. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Outkast – Stankonia" (in German). Media Control. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  73. ↑ "OutKast | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  74. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – Outkast – Stankonia". Music Canada.
  75. ↑ THE FIELD id (chart number) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION.
  76. ↑ "American album certifications – Outkast – Stankonia". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH

Bibliography

  • Boyd, Todd, ed. (2003). The New H.N.I.C.: The Death of Civil Rights and the Reign of Hip Hop. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9895-9. 
  • Brackett, Nathan, ed. (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition. Fireside Books. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. 
  • Crazy Horse, Kandia, ed. (2004). Rip It Up: The Black Experience in Rock 'n Roll. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6243-0. 
  • Hess, Mickey, ed. (2007). Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-33903-1. 
  • Moon, Tom, ed. (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List. Workman Publishing Company, Inc. 
  • Reynold, Simon, ed. (2007). Bring the Noise: 20 Years of Writing About Hip Rock & Hip-Hop. Faber & Faber. 
  • Wang, Oliver, ed. (May 1, 2003). Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide. ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-561-8. 
  • Westhoff, Ben (May 1, 2011). Dirty South: OutKast, Lil Wayne, Soulja Boy, and the Southern Rappers Who Reinvented Hip-Hop. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-56976-606-1. 

External links

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