Shore plover

Shore plover
Male
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Thinornis
Species: T. novaeseelandiae
Binomial name
Thinornis novaeseelandiae
(Gmelin, 1789)

The shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae), also known as the shore dotterel or by its Māori name of tuturuatu, is a small plover endemic to New Zealand. Once found all around the New Zealand coast, it is now restricted to a few offshore islands. It is one of the world's rarest shorebirds: the population is roughly 200.

Taxonomy

Initially classified in the common plover genus Charadrius, the shore plover is currently placed in Thinornis along with one other species, the hooded plover (T. cucullatus). Thinornis rossii, supposedly from the Auckland Islands, is now generally considered to be a juvenile shore plover with an incorrectly recorded location. Some authorities consider the shore plover a species of Charadrius, and further genetic evidence will be needed to resolve the issue.[2]

Description

Juvenile

Thinornis novaeseelandiae is brown above and white below, with a black (male) or brown (female) mask. There is a distinctive white strip circling its head below its brown skullcap. Its legs and dark-tipped bill are orange, brighter in males.[3]

Distribution

Although this species was historically found only on the New Zealand coast, subfossil shore plover bones have been recovered from roosts of the extinct laughing owl near rivers many kilometres inland.[4] Cook's second expedition collected them from opposite ends of the South Island, in Fiordland and the Marlborough Sounds. There are 19th century reports of shore plovers from the South Island and several parts of the North Island, but by the 1870s they had vanished from the mainland, surviving only on the Chatham Islands.[3] Introduced predators such as feral cats and Norway rats were the main culprits.[5]

Breeding

Shore plovers (unusually for shorebirds) nest under cover (such as driftwood and vegetation) or in burrows under boulders. This is likely to be for protection against avian predators; in their current range, skuas, but in the past predators would have included laughing owls and falcons.[4] This is one of the reasons for their decline, as such nests are more vulnerable to mammalian predators.

In the early 1990s, the Department of Conservation (DOC) started a captive breeding programme at Pukaha Mt Bruce Wildlife Centre, and later at Isaac Conservation and Wildlife Trust.[6] From a captive population of around 6–10 pairs over 400 captive-bred juveniles have been released into the wild.[3]

Conservation

Shore plovers are endangered, with a world population of around 200 birds. The species survived on one island, Rangatira, in the Chatham Islands, from where it has since been introduced to other offshore islands, such as Mangere in the Chathams and Mana and Motutapu off the North Island. The world population was roughly 70 breeding pairs in 1937 and their habitat was declared a reserve in 1954. The population fluctuated in the 1980s, with only 40 breeding pairs in 1982, rising to 80 pairs in 1987 and a high of 94 pairs in 2010.[3][7] A second wild population of about 20 birds was discovered in 1999 living on Western Reef off Chatham Island, but it gradually declined, and the last bird was taken into captivity in 2003.[2] As of 2016, the wild population comprised 66 breeding pairs, 56 of them in the Chatham Islands.[5] DOC has a stated goal of increasing the population to 250 in five different habitats.[8]

DOC moved a number of captive-reared juveniles to Mana Island, off Wellington's western coast, between March and May 2007. They bred within months of their arrival, and in February 2008 twenty more were translocated. From a high of 87 individuals, the population was reduced to just 10 from the effects of a single Norway rat.[8]

Birds had also been translocated since 2000 to Waikawa (Portland Island), a privately owned island off the Mahia Peninsula on the East Coast. In 2012, the population on Waikawa was discovered to have crashed by 75% to just 20 birds, for unknown reasons.[9] Twelve eggs were rescued for translocation to Mana Island.

A total of 42 captive-bred shore plovers were released onto Motutapu Island in 2012 in the hope they would become established there and on other pest-free islands in the Hauraki Gulf.[6] The birds repeatedly flew away, and only five were still present in 2015 when nineteen more were released.[10] Motutapu had its mammalian pests removed in 2010, and the breeding population there increased from one pair in 2015 to three pairs in 2016.[8] These birds are currently the most accessible to the public.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Thinornis novaeseelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Gill, Brian J.; Bell, B. D.; Chambers, G. K.; Medway, D. G.; Palma, R. L.; Scofield, R. P.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Worthy, T. H. (2010). Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand (4th ed.). Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-1-877385-59-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Dowding, J.E. (2013). Miskelly, C.M., ed. "Shore plover". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  4. 1 2 Worthy, Trevor H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002). The Lost World of the Moa. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253340344.
  5. 1 2 "Shore plover/tuturuatu". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  6. 1 2 DOC (20 February 2012). "Critically endangered NZ shore plover released on Motutapu Island". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  7. ↑ Coomber, Richard (1991). "Charadriiformes: Plovers". Birds of the World. Godalming, Surrey: Colour Library Books Ltd. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0862838061.
  8. 1 2 3 Toki, Nicola (29 April 2016). "Critter of the Week – Nicola Toki". RNZ. Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  9. ↑ DOC (4 February 2013). "Tragedy strikes endangered New Zealand shore plover population". Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  10. ↑ Akel, Torben (27 January 2015). "Shore plovers released on Motutapu Island". Newshub. Mediaworks TV. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
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