Russian declension

Russian declension is elaborate and complex. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, demonstratives, most numbers, ordinals and other particles are declined for two grammatical numbers (singular and plural), three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and six grammatical cases (see below). There are several paradigms for each declension with numerous irregular forms.

Nouns

Nominal declension is subject to six cases – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional – in two numbers (singular and plural), and absolutely obeying grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Up to ten additional cases are identified in linguistics textbooks,^[1][2][3] although all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the six simple cases). The most recognized additional cases are locative (в лесу, в крови, в слезах), partitive (чаю, сахару, коньяку), and several forms of vocative (Господи, Боже, отче). The adjectives, pronouns, and the first two cardinal numbers further vary by gender. Old Russian also had a third number, the dual, but it has been lost except for its use in the nominative and accusative cases with the numbers two, three and four (e.g. два стула [dvɐ ˈstulə], "two chairs", now reanalyzed as genitive singular).

Russian noun cases often replace the usage of prepositions in Indo-European languages.^[4] Their usage can be summarised as:

• Nominative – the “subject” case
• Accusative – the “object” case
• Genitive – corresponding to the possessive case or “of + (noun)”
• Dative – corresponding to “to + (noun)"
• Instrumental – denoting an instrument used in an action
• Prepositional – used with many common prepositions, such as “in”, “on” etc.

There are no articles, neither definite or indefinite (such as the, a, an in English), in the Russian language. The sense of a noun is determined from the context in which it appears. That said, there are some means of expressing whether a noun is definite or indefinite. They are:

• The use of a direct object in the genitive instead of the accusative in negation signifies that the noun is indefinite, compare: "Я не ви́жу кни́ги" ("I don't see a book" or "I don't see any books") and "Я не ви́жу кни́гу" ("I don't see the book").
• The use of the numeral one sometimes signifies that the noun is indefinite, e.g.: "Почему́ ты так до́лго?" - "Да так, встре́тил одного́ дру́га, пришло́сь поговори́ть" ("Why did it take you so long?" - "Well, I met one [=a] friend and had to talk").
• Word order may also be used for this purpose, compare "В ко́мнату вбежа́л ма́льчик" ("Into the room rushed a boy") and "Ма́льчик вбежа́л в ко́мнату" ("The boy rushed into the room").
• The plural form may signify indefiniteness: "Вы мо́жете купи́ть э́то в магази́нах" ("You can buy this in shops") vs. "Вы мо́жете купи́ть э́то в магази́не" ("You can buy this in the shop").

The category of animacy is relevant in Russian nominal and adjectival declension.^[5][6] Specifically, the accusative has two possible forms in many paradigms, depending on the animacy of the referent. For animate referents (sentient species, some animals, professions and occupations), the accusative form is generally identical to the genitive form (genitive-accusative syncretism). For inanimate referents (simple lifeforms, objects, states, notions), the accusative form is identical to the nominative form (genitive-nominative syncretism). This principle is relevant for masculine singular nouns of the second declension (see below) and adjectives, and for all plural paradigms (with no gender distinction). In the tables below, this behavior is indicated by the abbreviation N or G in the row corresponding to the accusative case.

In Russian there are three declensions:

• The first declension is used for feminine nouns ending with -а/-я and some masculine nouns having the same form as those of feminine gender, such as па́па papa or дя́дя uncle; also there are common-gender nouns like задира teaser which are masculine or feminine depending on the person they refer to.
• The second declension is used for most masculine and neuter nouns.
• The third declension is used for feminine nouns ending in ь.

There are also a group of several irregular "different-declension nouns" (Russian: разносклоняемые существительные), consisting of a few neuter nouns ending in -мя (e.g. время "time") and one masculine noun путь "way". However, these nouns and their forms have sufficient similarity with feminine third declension nouns that some scholars such as Litnevskaya^[7] consider them to be non-feminine forms of this declension, as written in the tables below.

Nouns ending with -ий, -ия, -ие (not to be confused with substantivated adjectives) are written with -ии instead of -ие in Prepositional (as this ending is never stressed, there is no difference in pronunciation): тече́ние - в ни́жнем тече́нии реки́ "streaming - in lower streaming of a river". But if words в течение and в продолжение are representing compound preposition meaning "while, during the time of", they are written with -е: в тече́ние ча́са "in a time of an hour". For nouns ending in -ья, -ье, or -ьё, using -ьи in the Prepositional (where endings of some of them are stressed) is usually erroneous, but in poetic speech it may be acceptable (as we replace -ии with -ьи for metric or rhyming purposes): Весь день она́ лежа́ла в забытьи́ (F. Tyutchev).

First declension

Most first-declension nouns are feminine, some masculine. The same endings apply for both genders.

		Singular				Plural
Nominative		-а	-я	-ия		-ы1	-и	-ии
Accusative		-у	-ю	-ию		N or G
Genitive		-ы1	-и	-ии		-	-ь	-ий
Dative		-е				-ам	-ям	-иям
Instrumental		-ой2	-ей3	-ией		-ами	-ями	-иями
Prepositional		-е		-ии		-ах	-ях	-иях

1. After a sibilant or a velar (г, к, or х) consonant, и is written.
2. After a sibilant, о is written when stressed; е when unstressed.
3. After a soft consonant, ё is written when stressed; е when unstressed.

Examples: рабо́та - a work/job, ба́ня - a bathhouse, кни́га - a book, ли́ния - a line

Note: In Instrumental case of singular number you can also meet -ою and -ею endings instead of -ой and -ей.

		Singular					Plural
Nominative		рабо́та	ба́ня	кни́га	ли́ния		рабо́ты	ба́ни	кни́ги	ли́нии
Accusative		рабо́ту	ба́ню	кни́гу	ли́нию
Genitive		рабо́ты	ба́ни	кни́ги	ли́нии		рабо́т	ба́нь	книг	ли́ний
Dative		рабо́те	ба́не	кни́ге			рабо́там	ба́ням	кни́гам	ли́ниям
Instrumental		рабо́той	ба́ней	кни́гой	ли́нией		рабо́тами	ба́нями	кни́гами	ли́ниями
Prepositional		рабо́те	ба́не	кни́ге	ли́нии		рабо́тах	ба́нях	кни́гах	ли́ниях

Second declension - masculine nouns

Nouns ending in a consonant are marked in the following table with - (thus no ending).

		Singular					Plural
Nominative		-	-ь	-й	-ий		-ы1	-и		-ии
Accusative		N or G					N or G
Genitive		-а	-я		-ия		-ов2	-ей	-ев3	-иев
Dative		-у	-ю		-ию		-ам	-ям		-иям
Instrumental		-ом	-ем3		-ием		-ами	-ями		-иями
Prepositional		-е			-ии		-ах	-ях		-иях

Notes:

1. After a sibilant (ж, ч, ш)^[8] or a velar (г, к, or х) consonant, и is written. And а for some words (глаз — глаза, доктор — доктора, etc.).
2. After a sibilant, ей is written.
3. After a soft consonant, ё is written when stressed; е when unstressed.

Examples

фильм - a film/movie, писа́тель - a writer, геро́й - a hero, коммента́рий - a comment

		Singular					Plural
Nominative		фи́льм	писа́тель	геро́й	коммента́рий		фи́льмы	писа́тели	геро́и	коммента́рии
Accusative			писа́теля	геро́я				писа́телей	геро́ев
Genitive		фи́льма			коммента́рия		фи́льмов			коммента́риев
Dative		фи́льму	писа́телю	геро́ю	коммента́рию		фи́льмам	писа́телям	геро́ям	коммента́риям
Instrumental		фи́льмом	писа́телем	геро́ем	коммента́рием		фи́льмами	писа́телями	геро́ями	коммента́риями
Prepositional		фи́льме	писа́теле	геро́е	коммента́рии		фи́льмах	писа́телях	геро́ях	коммента́риях

Second declension - virtually entirely neuter nouns

		Singular			Plural
Nominative		-о1	-е2		-а	-я
Accusative					N or G
Genitive		-а	-я		-	-й / -ей4
Dative		-у	-ю		-ам	-ям
Instrumental		-ом1	-ем2		-ами	-ями
Prepositional		-е	-е3		-ах	-ях

1. After a sibilant, о is written when stressed; е when unstressed.
2. After a soft consonant, ё is written when stressed; е when unstressed.
3. For nouns ending in ие in the nominative singular, и is written (but е when stressed — for the word остриё).
4. After a consonant use ей otherwise use й.
5. Also: some masculine nouns ending in -о in the nominative singular (доми́шко); the only masculine noun ending in -е in this declension (подмасте́рье).

Examples ме́сто (n) – a place, мо́ре (n) – a sea, зда́ние (n) – a building

		Singular				Plural
Nominative		ме́сто	мо́ре	зда́ние		места́	моря́	зда́ния
Accusative
Genitive		ме́ста	мо́ря	зда́ния		мест	море́й	зда́ний
Dative		ме́сту	мо́рю	зда́нию		места́м	моря́м	зда́ниям
Instrumental		ме́стом	мо́рем	зда́нием		места́ми	моря́ми	зда́ниями
Prepositional		ме́сте	мо́ре	зда́нии		места́х	моря́х	зда́ниях

Third declension

The third declension is mostly for feminine nouns, with some masculine and neuter.

		Singular				Plural
		Feminine	Neuter	Masculine		Feminine	Neuter	Masculine
Nominative		-ь	-мя / дитя́	путь		-и	-мена / де́ти	пути
Accusative						N or G	-мена / дете́й	пути́
Genitive		-и	-мени / дитяти	пути́		-ей	-мён(-мян) / дете́й	путе́й
Dative						-ям1	-менам / де́тям	путя́м
Instrumental		-ью	-менем / дитятей	путём		-я́ми1 (ьми́)	-менами / детьми́	путями́
Prepositional		-и	-мени / дитяти	пути́		-ях1	-менах / де́тях	путя́х

1. After a sibilant, а is written.

Examples: кость (f) – a bone, мышь (f) – a mouse, и́мя (n) – a name

		Singular				Plural
Nominative		ко́сть	мы́шь	и́мя		ко́сти	мы́ши	имена́
Accusative							мыше́й
Genitive		ко́сти	мы́ши	и́мени		косте́й		имён
Dative						костя́м	мыша́м	имена́м
Instrumental		ко́стью	мы́шью	и́менем		костя́ми	мыша́ми	имена́ми
Prepositional		ко́сти	мы́ши	и́мени		костя́х	мыша́х	имена́х

Irregular plural forms

There are various kinds of irregularities in forming plurals. Some words have an irregular plural form, but a few use suppletion, being substituted by a different root altogether. Historically, some of these irregularities come from older declensional patterns that have become mostly obsolete in modern Russian.

Singular	Plural
Change of root/suppletion
ребёнок (m) – (child)	де́ти
челове́к (m) – (man, human)	лю́ди
ёнок → я́та, for animals' children
ребёнок (m) – (boy)	ребя́та
телёнок (m) – (calf)	теля́та
волчо́нок (m) – (wolf cub)	волча́та
Old imparisyllabic nouns (gets a suffix)
чу́до (n) – (miracle)	чудеса́
не́бо (n) – (sky)	небеса́
мать (f) – (mother)	ма́тери
дочь (f) – (daughter)	до́чери
сын (m) – (son)	сыновья́ (also сыны́ in certain cases)
кум (m) – (godfather)	кумовья́
Remnants of the dual number
коле́но (n) – (knee)	коле́ни
плечо́ (n) – (shoulder)	пле́чи
у́хо (n) – (ear)	у́ши
ве́ко (n) – (eyelid)	ве́ки
я́блоко (n) – (apple)	я́блоки
Plural in -ья/ья́
брат (m) – (brother)	бра́тья
брус (m) – (baulk, timber)	бру́сья
граф (m) – (count)	гра́фы/графья́
гроздь (f) – (bunch)	гро́здья
де́верь (m) – (brother-in-law)	деверья́
де́рево (n) – (tree)	дере́вья
дно (n) – (bottom)	до́нья
друг (m) – (friend)	друзья́
звено́ (n) – (link)	зве́нья
зять (m) – (son-in-law)	зятья́
клин (m) – (wedge)	кли́нья
клок (m) – (shred, scrap)	кло́чья
князь (m) – (prince)	князья́
кол (m) – (stake)	ко́лья
ко́лос (m) – (ear of a plant)	коло́сья
крыло́ (n) – (wing)	кры́лья
лист (m) – here: (leaf)	ли́стья1
муж (m) – here: (husband)	мужья́
перо́ (n) – (feather)	пе́рья
поле́но (n) – (log)	поле́нья
по́лоз (m) – (runner, coluber)	поло́зья/по́лозы
помело́ (n) – (broom)	поме́лья
прут (m) – (twig)	пру́тья
собра́т (m) – (confrere, fellow)	собра́тья
струп (m) – (scab)	стру́пья
стул (m) – (chair)	сту́лья
сук (m) – (branch)	су́чья
ши́ло (m) – (awl)	ши́лья
шу́рин (m) – (brother-in-law)	шурья́/шу́рины
-но / -а́
су́дно (n) – here: (ship)	суда́
Loses a suffix
цвето́к (m) – (flower)	цветы́ (flowers, as a collective noun) / цветки́ (several individual flowers)
хозя́ин (m) – (owner, host)	хозя́ева
сосе́д (m) – (neighbor)	сосе́ди

1. If the word лист has the lexical meaning "paper", then its declension is normal (лист → листы). If it has lexical meaning "leaf (of a tree)", its declension is лист → листья.

Undeclined nouns

Some nouns (such as borrowings from other languages, abbreviations, etc.) are not modified when they change number and case. This appears mostly when their gender appears to have no ending in any declension which suits the final part of the word: these are masculine names on vowels different from -а/-я, female names on hard consonants (names like Триш "Trish" won't take the soft sign to go into third declension like native мышь "mouse"). Most borrowed words ending in Russian in э/е, и, о, у and stressed а are not declined:^[9] кафе, пальто (French: paletot), Дюма etc. Most abbreviations are undeclined (one exception is вуз). Many people also think that Georgian surnames on -ия like Данелия (Georgian: დანელია) shouldn't be declined since they are originally something like Russian possessive genitives.

Person names

Traditionally, full Russian name consists of a person name (и́мя - given name or first name), patronym (о́тчество - father's name as middle name) and a family name (фами́лия - surname or last name). All of these words have the same grammatical gender as biological one. Slavic, as well as Greek, Roman, Jewish and other person names of European or Semitic origin loaned centuries ago have gender-specific versions of respective patronyms. To produce a patronym, suffixes -вич- and -вн- are used with final vowel addition or modification: -о for hard consonant (Петро́вич/Петро́вна ⇐ son/daughter of Пётр), -ье for -ий (Григо́рьевич/Григо́рьевна ⇐ Григо́рий), and -е for other cases (Матве́евич/Матве́евна ⇐ Матве́й, И́горевич/И́горевна ⇐ И́горь). Some person names also have versions for both males and females (Алекса́ндр - Алекса́ндра, Евге́ний - Евге́ния).

Additionally, Slavic names have short forms, usually meant for affectionate calls (Ива́н - Ва́ня, А́нна - А́ня; equivalent of Johny, Annie, etc.). Short forms by themselves can form "reemerging" Vocative case (sometimes called Neo-vocative); it's used for calling a familiar person, substituting Nominative singular by removing last vowel (Артём - Тёма - Тём, О́льга - О́ля - Оль). For this reason Neo-vocative is not possible for male names, that can't produce short forms with a final vowel (including some popular ones: Влади́мир, Вита́лий, И́горь). Likewise, there is Neo-vocative form for close relatives: мать - ма́ма - мам (mother - mommy - mom), оте́ц - па́па - пап (father - daddy - dad). When replacing Nominative plural (used for always plural nouns), it can be used for collective calls: ребя́та ("guys, lads") - ребя́т, девча́та ("gals") - девча́т.

Most family names in Russia are also gender-specific (shown below in male/female pairs) and declinable like most words (including plural form to denote a married couple or a whole family, as "The Smiths"). They can be divided in these categories (sorted by occurrence):

• Russian origin, gender-specific, declinable as nouns: -о́в/-о́ва (unstressed for names four of more syllables long), -ев/-ева, -ёв/ёва, -и́н/-ина́ (sometimes stressed for names two syllables long);
• Russian origin, gender-agnostic, indeclinable:^[10] -ы́х, -и́х;
• Ukrainian origin, gender-specific, declinable as adjectives: -ый/-ая, -о́й/-а́я;
• Ukrainian or Belorussian origin, gender-agnostic, indeclinable: -е́нко (mostly stressed), -ко́;
• Ukrainian or Belorussian origin, gender-agnostic, declinable as masculine nouns: -у́к, -ю́к, -и́к, -е́ц, etc.;
• Other Slavic origin, gender-specific, declinable as adjectives: -ский/-ская, -цкий/-цкая;
• Other Slavic or non-Slavic origin, gender-agnostic, declinable as masculine nouns: -о́вич, -е́вич, -ер, -ман, -берг, etc.

Examples:

		male	female	family or couple
Nominative		Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин	Валенти́на Ива́новна Гага́рина	Гага́рины
Genitive		Юрия Алексеевича Гагарина	Валентины Ивановны Гагариной	Гагариных
Dative		Юрию Алексеевичу Гагарину	Валентине Ивановне Гагариной	Гагариным
Accusative		Юрия Алексеевича Гагарина	Валентину Ивановну Гагарину	Гагариных
Instrumental		Юрием Алексеевичем Гагариным	Валентиной Ивановной Гагариной	Гагариными
Prepositional		Юрии Алексеевиче Гагарине	Валентине Ивановне Гагариной	Гагариных

Here male name is composed of 2nd declention nouns, but there are exceptional endings for Instrumental (patronym: -ем, not -ом; family name: -ым, not -ом). Female name is in 1st declention, but ending -ой is used for a family name in all oblique cases. Plural follows adjectival declention, except that Nominative is short -ы.

Adjectives

A Russian adjective (имя прилагательное) is usually placed before the noun it qualifies, and it agrees with the noun in case, gender, and number. With the exception of a few invariant forms borrowed from other languages, such as беж 'beige' or хаки 'khaki',^{[note 1]} most adjectives follow one of a small number of regular declension patterns, except for some which provide difficulty in forming the short form. In modern Russian, the short form appears only in the nominative and is used when the adjective is in a predicative role; formerly (as in the bylinas) short adjectives appeared in all other forms and roles, which are not used in modern language, but are nonetheless understandable to Russian speakers as they are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding gender.^[11]

Adjectives may be divided into three general groups:

• Qualitative (ка́чественные) — denote quality of the object; only they are usual to have degrees of comparison.
• Relational (относи́тельные) — denote some sort of relationship; unlikely to act as a predicate or have a short form.
• Possessive (притяжа́тельные) — denote belonging to a specific subject; have some declensional peculiarities.

Adjectival declension

The pattern described below suits for full forms of most adjectives, except possessive ones; it is also used for substantivated adjectives as учёный and for adjectival participles.

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		-ый	-ое	-ая		-ые
Accusative		N or G		-ую		N or G
Genitive		-ого		-ой		-ых
Dative		-ому				-ым
Instrumental		-ым				-ыми
Prepositional		-ом				-ых

1. After a sibilant or velar consonant, и, instead of ы, is written.
2. When a masculine adjective ends in -ой, the -ой is stressed.
3. After a sibilant consonant, neuter adjectives end in ее. It is sometimes called the хорошее rule.
4. Accusative in the masculine gender and in plural depends on animacy, as for nouns.
5. Instrumental feminine ending -ой/ей has alternative form -ою/ею for all adjectives, which has only stylistical difference.

Russian differentiates between hard-stem (as above) and soft-stem adjectives. Note the following:

• Masculine adjectives ending in the nominative in ий and neuters in ее are declined as follows: его (read: ево), ему, им, and ем.
• Feminine adjectives in яя are declined ей and юю.
• Plural adjectives in ие are declined их, им, ими and их.
• Case endings -ого/-его are to be read as -ово/ево.

Examples:

но́вый – new

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		но́вый	но́вое	но́вая		но́вые
Accusative		N or G		но́вую		N or G
Genitive		но́вого		но́вой		но́вых
Dative		но́вому				но́вым
Instrumental		но́вым				но́выми
Prepositional		но́вом				но́вых

си́ний - blue

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		си́ний	си́нее	си́няя		си́ние
Accusative		N or G		си́нюю		N or G
Genitive		си́него		си́ней		си́них
Dative		си́нему				си́ним
Instrumental		си́ним				си́ними
Prepositional		си́нем				си́них

высо́кий – tall

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		высо́кий	высо́кое	высо́кая		высо́кие
Accusative		N or G		высо́кую		N or G
Genitive		высо́кого		высо́кой		высо́ких
Dative		высо́кому				высо́ким
Instrumental		высо́ким				высо́кими
Prepositional		высо́ком				высо́ких

хоро́ший – good

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		хоро́ший	хоро́шее	хоро́шая		хоро́шие
Accusative		N or G		хоро́шую		N or G
Genitive		хоро́шего		хоро́шей		хоро́ших
Dative		хоро́шему				хоро́шим
Instrumental		хоро́шим				хоро́шими
Prepositional		хоро́шем				хоро́ших

большо́й – big

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		большо́й	большо́е	больша́я		больши́е
Accusative		N or G		большу́ю		N or G
Genitive		большо́го		большо́й		больши́х
Dative		большо́му				больши́м
Instrumental		больши́м				больши́ми
Prepositional		большо́м				больши́х

Before 1917, adjectival declension looked quite different, at least in writing; for example, there were special feminine plural forms, as in French. In modern editions of classical poetry some elements of this system are still used if they are important for rhyme or metrics. A notable example is ending -ыя (bisyllabic) instead of -ой (monosyllabic) for genitive single female adjectives, which were considered bookish and deprecated even in the times of Alexandr Pushkin but were still used by him in lines such as «тайна брачныя постели» («Евгений Онегин», IV, L).^[12]

Comparison of adjectives

Comparison forms are usual only for qualitative adjectives and adverbs. Comparative and superlative synthetic forms are not part of the paradigm of original adjective but are different lexical items, since not all qualitative adjectives have them. Few adjectives have irregular forms which are declined as usual adjectives: большой 'big' — больший 'bigger', хороший 'good' — лучший 'better'. Most synthetically derived comparative forms are derived by adding -ее or -ей to adjective stem: красный 'red' — краснее 'more red'; these forms are difficult to distinguish from adverbs, and probably they are adverbs.^[11] Superlative synthetic forms are derived by adding suffix -ейш- or -айш- and additionally sometimes prefix наи-, or using special comparative form with наи-: добрый 'kind' — добрейший 'the kindest', большой 'big' — наибольший 'the biggest'.

Another way of comparison are analytical forms with adverbs более 'more' / менее 'less' and самый 'most' / наиболее 'most' / наименее 'least': добрый 'kind' — более добрый 'kinder' — самый добрый 'the kindest'. This way is rarely used if special comparative forms exists.

Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used in Russian to a less extent than in most other Slavic languages,^[13] but are still in use. They answer the questions чей? чья? чьё? чьи? (whose?) and denote only animated possessors. Alternative for possessive adjectives are possessive genitives which are used much more commonly.^[14] There are three suffixes to form them: -ов/ев, -ын/ин and -ий.

Suffix -ов/ев is used to form adjective from a word denoting single human which is masculine and ends on consonant; selection depends on if the stem hard or soft. Suffix -ын/ин is similar but is attached to feminine words or masculine ending in -а/я. Both types are more common in spoken language than in literary (though being acceptable in both styles) and generally are forms of kinship terms, given names and their diminutives:^[13] мама — мамин 'mom's', отец — отцов 'father's', Саша — Сашин 'Sasha's' /for diminutives from both Alexandr and Alexandra/. Words of this type also are common as Russian surnames, like Пушкин (derived from пушка 'gun' which used to be a nickname).

Adjectives on -ов and -ин are declined via mixed declension: some of their forms are nominal, some are adjectival, and some are ambivalent.

ма́мин – mom's

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		ма́мин	ма́мино	ма́мина		ма́мины
Accusative		N or G		ма́мину		N or G
Genitive		ма́миного, ма́мина		ма́миной		ма́миных
Dative		ма́миному, ма́мину				ма́миным
Instrumental		ма́миным				ма́миными
Prepositional		ма́мином				ма́миных

Adjectives on -ий (speaking about suffix, not case ending; before vowels, this suffix deceases to single sound /j/ and is written as ь) are used for deriving adjectives mostly from animal species (in Old Russian language, this suffix derived possessive adjectives from plural possessors^[14]): лиса 'fox' — лисий 'of a fox', 'likely for a fox'. Declension of such adjectives is nominal in nominative and accusative (except masculine and plural animated accusative) and adjectival for other forms.

ли́сий - fox's

		Singular				Plural
		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nominative		ли́сий	ли́сье	ли́сья		ли́сьи
Accusative		N or G		ли́сью		N or G
Genitive		ли́сьего		ли́сьей		ли́сьих
Dative		ли́сьему				ли́сьим
Instrumental		ли́сьим				ли́сьими
Prepositional		ли́сьем				ли́сьих

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

		Singular						Plural				Reflexive
		1st	2nd	3rd				1st	2nd	3rd
				Neut.	Masc.	Fem.
(English)		I / me	you	it	he / him	she / her		we / us	you	they / them		-self
Nominative		я	ты	оно́	он	она́		мы	вы	они́
Accusative		меня́	тебя́	его́		её		нас	вас	их		себя́
Genitive
Dative		мне	тебе́	ему́		ей		нам	вам	им		себе́
Instrumental		мной (мно́ю)	тобо́й (тобо́ю)	им		ей (ею)		на́ми	ва́ми	и́ми		собо́й (собо́ю)
Prepositional		мне	тебе́	нём		ней		наc	вас	них		себе́

• Russian is subject to T-V distinction. The respectful form of the singular you is the same as the plural form. It begins with a capital letter: Вы, Вас, Вам etc. in following situations: personal letters and official papers (addressee is definite), and questionnaires (addressee is indefinite), otherwise it begins with minuscule. Compare the distinction between du and Sie in German or tu and vous in French.
• When a preposition is used directly before a 3rd-person pronoun, н- is prefixed: у него (read: у нево), с неё, etc. Because the prepositional case always occurs after a preposition, the third person prepositional always starts with an н-.
• Like adjectives and numerals, letter г (g) in genitive and accusative form is pronounced as в (v) его/него ево/нево.

Demonstrative pronouns

этот ('this') and тот ('that')

		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
Nominative		э́тот	э́то	э́та	э́ти		тот	то	та	те
Accusative		N or G		э́ту	N or G		N or G		ту	N or G
Genitive		э́того		э́той	э́тих		того́		той	тех
Dative		э́тому			э́тим		тому́			тем
Instrumental		э́тим			э́тими		тем			те́ми
Prepositional		э́том			э́тих		том			тех

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Unlike English, Russian uses the same form for a possessive adjective and the corresponding possessive pronoun. In Russian grammar they are called possessive pronouns притяжательные местоимения (compare with possessive adjectives like Peter's = петин above). The following rules apply:

• Possessive pronouns agree with the noun of the possessed in case, gender, and number.
• The reflexive pronoun свой is used when the possessor is the subject of the clause, whatever the person, gender, and number of that subject.
• No non-reflexive exists for the 3rd person: the genitive of the personal pronoun is instead, i.e. его for a masc./neut. sing. possessor, её for a fem. sing. possessor and их for a plural possessor. But unlike other genitives used with a possessive meaning, in modern Russian these words are usually placed before the object of possession.
• Example of the difference between reflexive and non-reflexive pronouns:
  • “Он лю́бит свою́ жену́ = He loves his (own) wife”   while   “Он лю́бит его́ жену́ = He loves his (someone else's) wife”.
• Unlike Latin where a similar rule applies for the third person only, Russian accepts using reflexives for all persons:
  • “Люблю́ свою́ жену́ = I love my wife”
  • “Люблю́ себя́ = I love myself”

мой (my, mine)
твой (your, yours) for a singular possessor
свой (my, mine, your, yours, one's, his, her, its, our, ours, your, yours, their) for a subject possessor

		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
Nominative		мой	моё	моя́	мои́		твой	твоё	твоя́	твои́		свой	своё	своя́	свои́
Accusative		N or G		мою́	N or G		N or G		твою́	N or G		N or G		свою́	N or G
Genitive		моего́		мое́й	мои́х		твоего́		твое́й	твои́х		своего́		свое́й	свои́х
Dative		моему́			мои́м		твоему́			твои́м		своему́			свои́м
Instrumental		мои́м			мои́ми		твои́м			твои́ми		свои́м			свои́ми
Prepositional		моём			мои́х		твоём			твои́х		своём			свои́х

• The ending -его is pronounced as -ево.

наш (our, ours)
ваш (your, yours) for a plural possessor

		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plur.
Nominative		наш	на́ше	на́ша	на́ши		ваш	ва́ше	ва́ша	ва́ши
Accusative		N or G		на́шу	N or G		N or G		ва́шу	N or G
Genitive		на́шего		на́шей	на́ших		ва́шего		ва́шей	ва́ших
Dative		на́шему			на́шим		ва́шему			ва́шим
Instrumental		на́шим			на́шими		ва́шим			ва́шими
Prepositional		на́шем			на́ших		ва́шем			ва́ших

• The ending -его is pronounced as -ево́.

Interrogative pronouns

кто ('who') and что ('what')

		кто	что
Nominative		кто	что (read: што)
Accusative		кого́ (read: каво́)
Genitive			чего́ (read: чиво́)
Dative		кому́	чему́
Instrumental		кем	чем
Prepositional		ком	чём

чей ('whose')

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
Nominative		чей	чьё	чья	чьи
Accusative		N or G		чью	N or G
Genitive		чьего́		чьей	чьих
Dative		чьему́			чьим
Instrumental		чьим			чьи́ми
Prepositional		чьём			чьих

• The ending -его is pronounced as -ево.

Numerals

Russian have several main classes of numerals (числи́тельные): cardinal, ordinal, collective, and fractional constructions. It also has other types of words, relative to numbers:

• multiplicative adjectives and compound nouns: еди́нственный - single (sole, unique), двойно́й - double, учетверённый - quadrupled, трёхкра́тный - three-times (also as repetition adjective), пятицили́ндовый - five-cylinder; однообра́зие - monotony, тро́йственность - triplicity, семибо́рье - heptathlon;
• multiplicative verbs: утро́ить/утра́ивать - triple, уполови́ни(ва)ть - halve (imp./perf. with/without -ва- suffix);
• multiplicative adverbs: вдвойне́ - doubly, впя́теро - five times (for compound adverbs: впя́теро быстре́е - 5 times faster), вполови́ну - half as;
• collective and repetition adverbs: втроём - three together; четы́режды - four times (with a verb for repeated action or a noun for repeatedly acquired state or title);
• two interrogative and negative adverbs: ско́лько? - how much/many?; ниско́лько - none (at all);
• counting-system, ordinal and partitive adjectives: двои́чный - binary, шестнадцатири́чный - hexadecimal; перви́чный - primary; тро́йственный (трёхча́стный) - three-sided (tripartite);
• two dual numerals: о́ба - both (masculine/neuter), о́бе - both (feminine); but no single word for "neither";
• numeric-pronominal, indefinite quantity words: ско́лько-то, ско́лько-нибудь - some, as much; не́сколько - few; (не)мно́го - (not) much/many; (не)ма́ло - (not a) little; много and мало are also used for compound words: малозна́чимость - small significance, многоу́ровневый - multilevel, малопоня́тно - vaguely (lit.: little clear);
• nouns for a number itself or an object defined by it (symbol, playing cards, banknote, transport route, etc.): едини́ца - number "1", unit; пятисо́тка - number "500" (all feminine); noun for masculine ноль (zero) is но́лик.
• multiple loaned numerals (also used as prefixes and first roots for compound words) from Greek, Latin and (for musical terminology) Italian;

Here are the numerals from 0 to 10:

	Cardinal Numbers	Ordinal Numbers (Nominative case, masculine)	Collective Numbers
0	ноль or нуль (m.)	нулево́й	—
1	оди́н (m.), одна́ (f.), одно́ (n.), одни (pl.) (раз is used for counting; един- is used in some compound words)	пе́рвый	—
2	два (m., n.), две (f.)	второ́й	дво́е
3	три	тре́тий	тро́е
4	четы́ре	четвёртый	че́тверо
5	пять	пя́тый	пя́теро
6	шесть	шесто́й	ше́стеро
7	семь	седьмо́й	се́меро
8	во́семь	восьмо́й	(во́сьмеро)[note 2]
9	де́вять	девя́тый	(де́вятеро)
10	де́сять	деся́тый	(де́сятеро)

Declension of cardinal numerals

Declension of numerals and numeral constructions in Russian is a complicated thing, sometimes difficult to do correctly even for native speakers.

Different Russian numerals have very different types of declension. The word оди́н (one) is declined by number, (in singular) gender and case. The word два (two) is declined by gender and case, all other numbers have only case to decline by. The words for 50, 60, 70, 80, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 900 are unique for Russian as declined not only with ending in their end, but also with part of word in their middle (since they are originally composed from two words): Nom. пять'деся́т (50) - Gen. пяти́десяти etc. (compare пять деся́тков - пяти́ деся́тков "five tens").

Compound number phrases are created without any unions: сто пятьдеся́т три ры́бы "153 fishes". All numerals are declined contemporary (in spoken language not always). If numeral is in Nominative or Accusative, ending of the noun is defined by the last numeral word (the least order, see examples below), but this may not be true for an adjective attached to this noun.^[15]

Most numbers ending with "1" (in any gender: оди́н, одна́, одно́) require Nominative singular for a noun: два́дцать одна́ маши́на (21 cars), сто пятьдеся́т оди́н челове́к (151 people). Most numbers ending with "2", "3", "4" (два/две, три, четы́ре) require Genitive singular: три соба́ки (3 dogs), со́рок два окна́ (42 windows). All other numbers (including 0 and those ending with it) require Genitive plural: пять я́блок (5 apples), де́сять рубле́й (10 rubles). Genitive plural is also used for numbers ending with 11 to 14 and with inexact numerals: сто оди́ннадцать ме́тров (111 meters); мно́го домо́в (many houses). Nominative plural is used only without numerals: э́ти дома́ (these houses); cf. три до́ма (3 houses; G. sg.). These rules apply only for integer numbers.^[16] For rational numbers see below.

In oblique cases, noun and number take both this case, except that the numbers ending with "thousand", "million", "billion" etc. (nouns: ты́сяча (f.), миллио́н (m.), миллиа́рд (m.)) in singular or in plural are regarded as nouns and always require Genitive case in plural: пятью́ ты́сячами (Instr.) маши́н (Gen.); cf. пятью́ маши́нами and пятью́ ты́сячами тремяста́ми маши́нами (all Instr.). Initial (leftmost) numeral "1" can be omitted in combinations (одна́) ты́сяча (ты́сяча и одна́ ночь - 1001 nights), (оди́н) миллио́н, etc.

Nouns со́тня ("approximately 100", f.) and па́ра ("pair", f.) can be declined and can form compound numerals: три со́тни (≈300), пять пар носко́в (5 pair of socks). Approximate numbers are colloquially formed by reversing word order, exchanging numeral and noun: мину́ты три (≈3 minutes). Ranges (hyphenated) are also possible: пять-шесть дней (5-6 days), дней пять-шесть (probably 5-6 days). The word ми́нус (minus) declines if standalone, but does not for negative numbers: минус три гра́дуса - minus three degrees (wrong: *минуса три градуса); however: три минуса - three minuses.

один ('one')

		Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Plural
Nominative		оди́н	одно́	одна́	одни́
Accusative		N or G		одну́	N or G
Genitive		одного́		одно́й	одни́х
Dative		одному́			одни́м
Instrumental		одни́м			одни́ми
Prepositional		одно́м			одни́х

два ('two'), три ('three'), четы́ре ('four)

		two		three	four
		m./n.	f.
Nominative		два	две	три	четы́ре
Accusative		N or G		N or G	N or G
Genitive		двух		трёх	четырёх
Dative		двум		трём	четырём
Instrumental		двумя́		тремя́	четырьмя́
Prepositional		двух		трёх	четырёх

пять ('five'), шесть ('six'), семь ('seven'), во́семь ('eight'), де́вять ('nine'), де́сять ('ten');
special cases: ноль/нуль ('zero'), о́ба ('both', m./n.), о́бе ('both', f.)

		five	six	seven	eight	nine	ten		zero	both
										m./n.	f.
Nominative		пять	шесть	семь	во́семь	де́вять	де́сять		ноль	о́ба	о́бе
Accusative		N or G	N or G	N or G	N or G	N or G	N or G			N or G	N or G
Genitive		пяти́	шести́	семи́	восьми́	девяти́	десяти́		ноля́	обо́их	обе́их
Dative									нолю́	обо́им	обе́им
Instrumental		пятью́	шестью́	семью́	восемью́	девятью́	десятью́		нолём	обо́ими	обе́ими
Prepositional		пяти́	шести́	семи́	восьми́	девяти́	десяти́		ноле́	обо́их	обе́их

Dative, Instrumental and Prepositional cases for "zero" more often use нул- root instead of нол-. The numbers from 11 to 19 are: оди́ннадцать, двена́дцать, трина́дцать, четы́рнадцать, пятна́дцать, шестна́дцать, семна́дцать, восемна́дцать, девятна́дцать. They decline in the same way as 20 (два́дцать).

20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100

		20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Nominative		два́дцать	три́дцать	со́рок	пятьдеся́т	шестьдеся́т	се́мьдесят	во́семьдесят	девяно́сто	сто
Accusative
Genitive		двадцати́	тридцати́	сорока́	пяти́десяти	шести́десяти	семи́десяти	восьми́десяти	девяно́ста	ста
Dative
Instrumental		двадцатью́	тридцатью́		пятью́десятью	шестью́десятью	семью́десятью	восьмью́десятью
Prepositional		двадцати́	тридцати́		пяти́десяти	шести́десяти	семи́десяти	восьми́десяти

200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900

		200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
Nominative		две́сти	три́ста	четы́реста	пятьсо́т	шестьсо́т	семьсо́т	восемьсо́т	девятьсо́т
Accusative
Genitive		двухсо́т	трёхсо́т	четырёхсо́т
Dative		двумста́м	трёмста́м	четырёмста́м	пятиста́м	шестиста́м	семиста́м	восьмиста́м	девятиста́м
Instrumental		двумяста́ми	трёмяста́ми	четырьмяста́ми	пятьюста́ми	шестьюста́ми	семьюста́ми	восьмьюста́ми	девятьюста́ми
Prepositional		двухста́х	трёхста́х	четырёхста́х	пятиста́х	шестиста́х	семиста́х	восьмиста́х	девятиста́х

ты́сяча ('1,000; thousand')

		Singular	Plural
Nominative		ты́сяча	ты́сячи
Accusative		ты́сячу
Genitive		ты́сячи	ты́сяч
Dative		ты́сяче	ты́сячам
Instrumental		ты́сячами
Prepositional		ты́сяче	ты́сячах

Examples

	51 meters	6 944 meters	32 197 meters
Nominative	пятьдеся́тn=a оди́нn=a метрn=a	шестьn=a ты́сячG девятьсо́тn=a со́рокn=a четы́реn=a ме́траg	три́дцатьn=a двеn=a ты́сячиg стоn=a девяно́стоn=a семьn=a ме́тровG
Accusative
Genitive	пяти́десяти́g одного́g ме́траg	шести́g тысячG девятисо́тg сорока́g четырёхg ме́тровG	тридцати́g двухg ты́сячG стаg девяно́стаg семи́g ме́тровG
Dative	пяти́десяти́d одному́d ме́труd	шести́d ты́сячамD девятиста́мd сорока́d четырёмd ме́трамD	тридцати́d двумd ты́сячамD стаd девяно́стаd семи́d ме́трамD
Instrumental	пятью́деся́тью́i одни́мi ме́тромi	шестью́i ты́сячамиI девятьюста́миi сорока́i четырьмя́i ме́трамиI	тридцатью́i двумя́i ты́сячамиI стаi девяно́стаi семью́i ме́трамиI
Prepositional	пяти́десяти́p одно́мp ме́треp	шести́p ты́сячахP девятиста́хp сорока́p четырёхp ме́трахP	тридцати́p двухp ты́сячахP стаp девяно́стаp семи́p ме́трахP

Note for superscript case notations: small letters denote singular forms, capitals denote plural. Метр is masculine (important for "51"); both метр and тысяча are inanimate (important for Accusative).

Collective numerals

Collective numerals (Russian: собирательные числительные) are used in Russian (and many other Slavic languages) instead of usual cardinal ones in specific lexical and semantic situations. Russian collective numerals are different from the cardinal numerals in that the former emphasize ‘the totality’ or ‘the aggregate as a whole’, while the latter – ‘the individuated quantity’.^[17] Only numerals from 2 (двое) to 7 (семеро) are actively used nowadays, while 8 to 10 are seldom used and 11–13 are not normative;^[18] word оба (both) is also considered to be collective numeral.^[17] In nominative and accusative, they always force the noun into genitive plural form (while their own accusative form is dependent from animacy of the noun): трое друзей на охоту пошли, вижу двоих мужчин, вижу двое саней. These numerals are seldom used in oblique cases, especially instrumental.^[18] Here comes a brief table of cases of their usage:

Usage of Russian collective numerals

Usage	Number	Case	Example	Notes
Mandatory	2–4	Pluralia tantum nouns in nominative case[19]	двое ножниц, трое похорон	With paired objects, construction with classifier пара are preferred: две пары ножниц
Normative	5–7		пятеро прений
Likely mandatory	3, 4	Masculine (and common-gender as masculine and mixed-gender) nouns in -а/-я[15]	трое мужчин, о четверых судьях
Preferred	2–7	Masculine and neutral nouns people, including common-gender (except presuming feminine group)[19]	трое друзей, пятеро мальчиков, шестеро мужчин	Collective numerals are used to emphasize the cohesiveness of the group, while cardinal (пять мальчиков etc.) shows more individuality. In oblique cases, there is no preference to collective numerals.
Colloquial		Feminine nouns denoting people[19]	трое подруг
Unlikely used		Terms of high rank[19]	два министра (instead of *двое министров), два короля (instead of *двое королей)
Prohibited		First names[15][18]	три Коли, not *трое Коль
Preferred	2–7	With дети (children), especially about number in a family[19]	У неё двое детей	8–10 are seldom used; in oblique cases is optional
Preferred	2–7	With masculine[17] substantivated adjectives[18]	двое рабочих, пятеро учёных	Mostly in nominative
Preferred	2–7	With ребята (children), внук][19]	пятеро ребят, трое внуков
Colloquial	2–7	With animal's cubs in -ата/ята[19]	пятеро щенят
Highly likely	2–7 (2–10)	As noun denoting people group[19] or with personal pronoun[17]	Нас было четверо. Шестеро бились против десятерых

Dobrushina and Panteleeva (2008),^[18] having analyzed usage of два/двое in a Russian corpus, summarize cases of usage of collective numerals in the following common rules:

1. Collective numerals denote number of persons likely to have collective behaviour, i.e., existence in groups, not one by one: боевики́ 'militants', жи́тели 'inhabitants', пассажи́ры 'passengers', солда́ты 'soldiers'.
2. Collective numbers are used while denoting several persons to emphasize unity, cohesion of this group.
3. Contexts of nominal groups with collective numerals have properties showing their individualization and dedication: referentness, empathy, definiteness; they are unlikely to be out of focus.

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numbers have grammatically no differences with adjectives. While forming them, upper three orders of numerals are agglutinated to nearest dividing power of 1000, which results in constructing some of the longest natural Russian words, e.g. стапятидесятитрёхты́сячный (153,000-th), while the next is сто пятьдеся́т три ты́сячи пе́рвый (153,001-st). In the latter example, only the last word is declined with noun.

Fractions

Fractions are formed as: (how much parts), expressed by cardinal number in case of the phrase, plus (of how numerous parts), expressed by ordinal number; the construction is formed as like it were related to word часть "part" (grammatically feminine), which is usually omitted. Noun to such construction always comes in Genitive single, also as like it belonged to word часть: девяно́сто две пятидеся́тых то́нны "92/50 tons". If an integer precedes a fraction, it is bound to it usually with union и, while the noun remains in Genitive: два и три восьмы́х оборо́та "2 3/8 turns" (оборо́т is masculine, so the numeral is два, not *две).

Fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 have proper names (nouns): полови́на, треть and че́тверть, which are used instead of ordinal numbers. They are also often added with preposition с, while form of noun appears to be related to the integer part rather than to the fraction: де́сять с че́твертью [Instr.] оборо́тов [Gen.] "10 1/4 turns". Prefixes пол- (with Genitive) and полу- (with Nominative) are used for "half" of something: пол-лимо́на (half of a lemon), полчаса́ (half an hour; but: полови́на ча́са); полуме́сяц (half moon, crescent). Words with пол- are not declined, and there is a set of rules for writing with or without dash.

For "1 1/2" there is a special word полтора́ (feminine полторы́; in oblique cases полу́тора; requires Genitive): полтора́ я́блока - 3/2 apples. It can be used with larger numbers (полторы́ ты́сячи - 1 500, полтора миллио́на - 1 500 000) and, for approximate values, with smaller numbers (полтора деся́тка - ≈15, полторы со́тни - ≈150). There was also now-outdated form полтора́ста for exactly 150. As with other single-word numerals, it's possible to form nouns and multiplicative adjectives, associated with "1.5": полу́торка (old truck with 1.5 tonnes of payload capacity), полтора́шка (1.5 liter plastic bottle for beverage); полу́торный (something of 150% amount).

To read decimal fractions,^{[note 3]} convert them to simple ones: 2,71828 = 2+71828/100000 - два и се́мьдесят одна́ ты́сяча восемьсо́т два́дцать во́семь стоты́сячных. After integer in such cases is often used word це́лая (substantiated adjective "full, integer", which also refers to omitted word часть and thus is feminine): 3,14 - три це́лых (и) четы́рнадцать соты́х (union is often omitted); word це́лая can appear also in naming non-decimal simple fractions: 2 3/8 - две це́лых три восьмы́х. Zero before comma is often read: 0,01 = 0+1/100 - ноль це́лых одна́ со́тая (shortly: одна́ со́тая). Informally, decimal fractional part can be read more conveniently as sequence of simple digits and numbers: два и семь-восемна́дцать-два́дцать во́семь. Same method is used to read long numerals unrelated to a noun (phone numbers, address indexes, etc.), grouping two or three digits: 123406 - сто два́дцать три четы́реста шесть, двенадцать три́дцать четы́ре ноль шесть (forced ноль added to avoid missing digit).

Count form

Russian also has so-called "count form" (счётная форма) for use by nouns in numerical phrases instead of Genitive plural (for some words mandatory, for others optional), mainly with units of measure (especially derived from names): во́семь бит (8 bits; not *би́тов), шестна́дцать байт (16 bytes), две́сти два́дцать вольт (220 volts), пять килогра́мм(ов) (5 kilograms; optional). But: коли́чество ба́йтов (amount of bytes), изба́виться от ли́шних килогра́ммов (get rid of excess kilograms).

Сount form also exists for paucal numbers (1.5, 2, 3 and 4); usually it coincides with Genitive singular, but has notable exceptions with stressed endings: два часа́ (2 hours), but середи́на ча́са (middle of an hour); два́дцать два шара́ (22 balls), but объём ша́ра (volume of the ball); три ряда́ (3 rows/lines), but вы́йти из ря́да (step out of the line); четы́ре шага́ (4 steps), but полша́га (half a step). Полчаса́ (half an hour) is additional exception; other nouns with пол- prefix does not have stressed -а ending.

Some nouns totally change for their Genitive plural forms: 4 го́да, but 5 лет (years); 3 челове́ка, but 30 люде́й/челове́к (people; optional). Сount forms for adjectives and nouns with adjectival declension after numerals require Genitive plural and Nominative plural: два лу́чших (G. pl.) игрока́ (G. sg.) "2 best players"; три зелёные (N. pl.) прямы́е (N. pl.) "3 green strait_lines", but три зелёных (G. pl.) прямы́х (G. pl.) штриха́ (G. sg.) "3 green strait strokes".

Notes

References