Quercus phellos

For the town in Florida, see Willow Oak, Florida.
Willow oak
Quercus phellos in autumn foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Section: Lobatae
Species: Q. phellos
Binomial name
Quercus phellos
L. 1753 not Münchh. 1770

Quercus phellos (willow oak) is a North American species of a deciduous tree in the red oak group of oaks. It is native to the eastern and central United States from Long Island south to northern Florida, and west to southernmost Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.[1] It is most commonly found growing on lowland floodplains, often along streams, but rarely also in uplands with poor drainage, up to 400 meters (1,300 ft) altitude.

Description

It is a medium-sized tree growing to 20–30 metres (65–100 ft) tall (exceptionally to 39 m, 128 ft), with a trunk up to 1–1.5 m (40–60 in) diameter (exceptionally 2 metres, 6.6 ft). It is distinguished from most other oaks by its leaves, which are shaped like willow leaves, 5–12 cm (2–4 3⁄4 in) long and 1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 in) broad with an entire (untoothed and unlobed) margin; they are bright green above, paler beneath, usually hairless but sometimes downy beneath. The fruit is an acorn, 8–12 mm (5⁄16–15⁄32 in) long, and almost as wide as long, with a shallow cup; it is one of the most prolific producers of acorns, an important food tree for squirrels, birds, and other animals in the forest. The tree starts acorn production around 15 years of age, earlier than many oak species.[2]

Autumn foliage

Willow oaks can grow moderately fast (height growth up to 60 cm, 2 ft a year), and tend to be conic to oblong when young, rounding out and gaining girth at maturity (i.e. more than 50 years).

Cultivation and uses

Economic uses are primarily as an ornamental tree and the wood for pulp and paper production, but also for lumber; it is often marketed as "red oak" wood.

The willow oak is one of the most popular trees for horticultural planting, due to its rapid growth, hardiness, balance between axial and radial dominance, ability to withstand both sun and shade, light green leaf color and full crown. Despite being massively planted in the U.S. South (such as Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia) around malls, along roads, etc., the trees tend to grow larger than planners expect, which often leads to cracked sidewalks. One intriguing solution being tried in D.C. is to use 'rubber' sidewalks, made from recycled tires.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Quercus phellos". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2013.
  2. ↑ "Quercus phellos". Flora of North America (FNA). Missouri Botanical Garden – via eFloras.org.
  3. ↑ Rubber sidewalks take the sting out of falls. Small Business on NBC News
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