Pyrus bourgaeana

Iberian pears
Flowering Iberian pear group in the Doñana National Park (SW Spain)
Iberian pear blossoms
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Genus: Pyrus
Species: P. bourgaeana
Binomial name
Pyrus bourgaeana
Decne. (1871)

Pyrus bourgaeana, the Iberian pear, is a close relative of Pyrus communis L. The last was domesticated about 2500 years ago. This monoecious small tree (typically 3–6 m high) is widely distributed across the southern Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco,[1] where it coexists with four Pyrus species: P. communis L., P. cordata Dew., P. spinosa Forssk, and P. nivalis Jacq. Characteristics to discriminate these species are the width of fruit peduncle, petal size, leaf width and petiole length served to the taxa.

P. bourgaeana flowers are white, rarely tinted pink, 2–3 cm diameter, and have five petals.[2] Fruits are non-dehiscent globose pomes weighing ~ 9.5 g, with green or brown skin inconspicuous to birds, copious lenticels permitting scent to emanate, and pulp high in fiber. Each fruit usually contains 2-4 full seeds.[3][4]

Within the Iberian Peninsula, P. bourgaeana distribution is very fragmented with trees occurring at low densities in small patches of Mediterranean scrubland that are isolated from each other by towns, cultivations, etc. Within these patches, mature trees often are aggregated in small clusters of 8-10 individuals [5][6] Iberian pears are remarkably resistant to sicknesses or blight; they are more often killed by storms or high winds than by sickness.

Phenology and interactions with animals

The Iberian pear flowers during February–March. It is pollinated by wide variety of insects such as bees, flies, and beetles. Each individual produces between 200-450 fruits that ripen and drop to the ground unaided from September to December.[7] Predispersal seed losses by invertebrates (microlepidoptera larvae) are usually low. Its seeds most frequently are dispersed by mammals. Indeed, mammalian carnivores (badgers Meles meles, red foxes Vulpes vulpes, etc.) often ingest whole fruits fallen to the ground and disperse ingested seeds away from conspecifics with the capacity of germination. In some areas, however, these dispersers have declined to low densities by hunting and other human activities. Rabbits Oryctolagus cunniculus and some birds also feed on its fruit, eating part of the fruit pulp leaving the uneaten seeds under fruting trees. Rodents often depredate the uncovered seeds in those fruits partially eaten by pulp feeders.[8] Ungulates (red deer Cervus elaphus, wild boar Sus scrofa) generally ingest whole fallen fruits but grind ingested seeds and mostly act as seed predators. Rodents also can act as post-dispersal predators of P. bourgaeana seeds. Seeds germinate epigeally either shortly after dispersal, or even within fallen fruits, and do not appear to persist in the soil seed bank. Seedlings emerge from winter to early spring, and extensive mortality occurs on young seedlings due to summer droughts and fungal infection.[9]

Fruiting branch of an isolated fruiting Iberian pear tree in SW Spain
During the fall, the Eurasian badger Meles meles becomes strongly frugivorous and, in southern Spain, the main seed disperser of P. bourgaeana

The strong aggregated patterning is thought to be the result of several non-exclusive processes. First, by creating the initial template on which post-dispersal processes act, its seed dispersers like foxes and badgers can be partially responsible for P. bourgaena aggregation. Second, dispersal limitation sometimes leads to seedling establishment beneath mother trees, resulting in an aggregated patterning. This is a likely possibility since a fraction of the fruit fallen beneath adult trees are not taken by mammals or are partially depulped by rabbits, without dispersing the seeds. Some seedlings emerge beneath mother trees every season and,eventually, a few of them get established. Finally, rhizome sprouting in response to disturbance could result in clustering if different sprouts emerge from a single individual and eventually produce fruit. In the Doñana National Park (Southwestern Spain), P. bourgaeana experience heavy browsing by red deer Cervus elaphus and sprouts of a range of sizes emerge beneath some trees. As those shoots grow could eventually reach the adult size leading to tree clustering.

Uses and Threats

Pear wood (of any species) has one of the finest textures of the fruitwoods. It is prized for making woodwind instruments, and pear veneer is used in fine furniture. In southern Spain, the Iberian pear has been used as rootstock for grafting pear cultivars. The fruit is not edible for people.

The major threats are urbanization and agricultural development.

References

  1. ↑ Aldasoro, J. J., Aedo C., and Muñoz-Garmendia F. 1996. The genus Pyrus L. (Rosaceae) in south-west Europe and North Africa. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 121: 143-158.
  2. ↑ Zywiec M, M Delibes and JM Fedriani. 2012. Microgeographic, inter-individual, and intra-individual variation in the inflorescences of Iberian pear Pyrus bourgaeana (Rosaceae). Oecologia 169: 713-722.
  3. ↑ Fedriani, J. M., and M. Delibes. 2009a. Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals. Ecography 32: 983 - 992.
  4. ↑ Aldasoro J. J. , Aedo C, Navarro C. 1998. Pome Anatomy of Rosaceae Subfam Maloideae, with Special Reference to Pyrus. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 518-527.
  5. ↑ Fedriani, J. M., T. Wiegand, and M. Delibes. 2010. Spatial patterns of adult trees and the mammal-generated seed rain in the Iberian pear. Ecography 33: 545-555.
  6. ↑ Żywiec M Pdoc, Muter E, Zielonka T, Delibes M, Calvo G, and JM Fedriani. 2016. Long-term effect of temperature and precipitation on radial growth in a threatened thermo-Mediterranean tree population. Trees - Structure and Function, DOI 10.1007/s00468-016-1472-8.
  7. ↑ Fedriani, J. M., and M. Delibes. 2009b. Seed dispersal in the Iberian pear Pyrus bourgaeana: a role for infrequent mutualists. Ecoscience 16: 211-221.
  8. ↑ Fedriani JM and M Delibes. 2013. Pulp feeders alter plant interactions with subsequent animal associates. Journal of Ecology 101: 1581-1588.
  9. ↑ Fedriani, J. M., and M. Delibes. 2009a
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