Provisional Central Government of Vietnam

Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Gouvernement central provisoire du Viêt Nam
Chính phủ Trung ương lâm thời Việt Nam
Constituent territory of French Indochina
1948–1949
Flag Coat of arms
Capital Saigon
Languages Vietnamese
Religion Roman Catholicism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Taoism
Paganism
Government Provisional government
Head of Government
   1948-1949 Nguyễn Văn Xuân
Historical era Cold War
   Proclamation 27 May 1948
  Reunification with Cochinchina 4 June 1949
   State of Vietnam proclaimed July 2, 1949
Currency piastre
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Annam (French protectorate)
Tonkin (French protectorate)
French Cochinchina
State of Vietnam

The Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was an entity proclaimed in Vietnam during the First Indochina War. It was created as a transitional government replacing the protectorates of Tonkin (North Vietnam) and Annam (Middle Vietnam), until Cochinchina (South Vietnam) could be reunited with the rest of the country.

History

On June 5, 1948, the Halong Bay Agreements (Accords de la baie d’Along) allowed the creation of a unified Vietnamese government replacing the Tonkin (North Vietnam), Annam (Middle Vietnam) associated to France within the French Union and the Indochinese Federation then including the neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia.

However, while the participants had agreed on the reunification of Cochinchina (South Vietnam) with Tonkin and Annam, it had a different status from the other two territories and retained a separate administration. Former Emperor Bảo Đại, whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh, insisted that all Vietnam should be reunited before he took office as "chief of State". General Nguyễn Văn Xuân, until then head of the Cochinchinese government, signed the agreements on Bảo Đại's behalf and became head of the newly-formed Provisional Central Government ; he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu as president of the Cochinchinese administration. Although Vietnam was not yet reunited, and far from being autonomous, the French had agreed for the first time to include the word "independence" in the agreements.[1]

During the only year of its existence, the Provisional Central Government had very limited means, and was denounced by the communist Viet Minh as a puppet state.[2] The Xuân government was able to create several administrative units in North and Middle Vietnam, but it was entirely dependent on the French as it had no army, no police forces and - being, unlike the government of Cochinchina, unable to collect taxes - no financial resources. As the Indochina war raged on, the Provisional Central Government was regarded as near-impotent. Moreover, the French administration was still in place in Tonkin and Annam and was often reluctant to relinquinsh power to the new Vietnamese administration.[1]

Moreover, the reunification of Vietnam was still hampered by the status of Cochinchina : the French colonists - who remained influential in the Cochinchinese consultative council - insisted, with the support of Southern Vietnamese autonomist politicians, that Cochinchina (then known as the Provisional Government of South Vietnam) was still legally a colony, since its status as an "autonomous Republic", proclaimed in 1946, had never been ratified by the French National Assembly, and that any process of reunification had therefore to be approved by the French Parliament. Xuân tried to reunite Cochinchina with his government through a by-law, but it was overruled by the colony's council. Trần Văn Hữu's administration therefore remained in existence and Vietnam found itself with two governments, each backed by the French, one claiming sovereignty over the whole country, and one administrating the South.[1]

The Vietnamese situation remained deadlocked for over a year, as Bảo Đại refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. Finally, the French National Assembly voted a law set to create a Cochinchinese territorial assembly which would replace the former council. The new assembly was elected on 10 april 1949, and the Vietnamese became a majority.[1] On 23 april, the Cochinchinese assembly approved the merger with the Provisional Government, and its decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on May 20.[1] On June 4, the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam and the Provisional Government of South Vietnam were formally merged,[3] and the State of Vietnam could then be proclaimed on July 2.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Philippe Franchini, Les Guerres d'Indochine, vol. I, Pygmalion - Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399-406
  2. 1 2 Jacques Dalloz, La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954, Seuil, Paris, 1987,pp. 123-126
  3. Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, Legifrance.gouv.fr.
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