Prosopis

Prosopis
Prosopis caldenia, a species of central Argentina.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Mimoseae
Genus: Prosopis
L.[1]
Type species
Prosopis spicigera
L.[2]
Species

See text.

Prosopis is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains around 45 species of spiny trees and shrubs found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Western Asia, and South Asia. They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to drought, on occasion developing extremely deep root systems. Their wood is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pods and may contain large amounts of sugar. The generic name means "burdock" in late Latin and originated in the Greek language.[3]

Selected species

Formerly placed here

Phytochemistry

Prosopis species have been found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, apigenin, isorhamnetin-3-diglucoside, l-arabinose, quercetin, tannin, and tryptamine.[4]

Prosopis species known to contain alkaloids
Prosopis alba Beta-phenethylamine and tryptamine[5]
Prosopis alpataco "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis argentina "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis chilensis "Aerial parts" contain beta-phenethylamine and derivatives plus tryptamine[6][7]
Prosopis argentina Exudate contains tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis glandulosa Alkaloids in bark and roots,[4] tyramine and N-methyltyramine (a stimulant) in leaves[8]
Prosopis juliflora 5-HTP (plant) and tryptamine (plant).[9]
Prosopis nigra Harman, eleagnine, and N-acetyltryptamine[10]
Prosopis pugionata "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine, phenethylamine derivatives.[6]
Prosopis tamarugo Phenethylamine[7]

The tannins present in Prosopis species are of the pyrogallotannin and pyrocatecollic types.[11] The tannins are mainly found in the bark and wood while their concentration in the pods is low.[12]

Some species, such as P. africana or P. velutina, produce a gum (mesquite gum).[13]

As an introduced and invasive species

The species Prosopis pallida was introduced to Hawaii in 1828 and is now very common in the drier coastal parts of the islands, where it is called the kiawe tree, which is a prime source of monofloral honey production.[14]

In Australia, invasive Prosopis species are causing severe economic and environmental damage. With their thorns and many low branches, Prosopis shrubs form impenetrable thickets which prevent cattle from accessing watering holes, etc. They also take over pastoral grasslands and suck up scarce water. Prosopis species cause land erosion due to loss of grassland that are habitats for native plants and animals. Prosopis thickets also provide shelter for feral animals such as pigs and cats.[15]

For more information on invasiveness of mesquite species, see Prosopis glandulosa and Prosopis juliflora.

Eradication

Eradicating Prosopis is difficult because the plant's bud regeneration zone can extend down to 6 in (150 mm) below ground level;[16][17] the tree can regenerate from a piece of root left in the soil.[16] Some herbicides are not effective or only partially effective against mesquite. Spray techniques for removal, while effective against short-term regrowth, are expensive, costing more than $70/acre ($170/hectare) in the USA. Removing large trees requires tracked equipment; costs can approach $2,000 per acre. In Australia, several techniques are used to remove Prosopis.[15]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Prosopis L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-05. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  2. ↑ "Prosopis L.". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  3. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. 4 M-Q. CRC Press. p. 2171. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.
  4. 1 2 Medicinal Plants of the Southwest
  5. ↑ Graziano MN, Ferraro GE, Coussio JD (December 1971). "Alkaloids of Argentine medicinal plants. II. Isolation of tyramine, beta-phenethylamine and tryptamine from Prosopis alba". Lloydia. 34 (4): 453–4. PMID 5173440.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Tapia A, Egly Feresin G, Bustos D, Astudillo L, Theoduloz C, Schmeda-Hirschmann G (July 2000). "Biologically active alkaloids and a free radical scavenger from Prosopis species". J Ethnopharmacol. 71 (1–2): 241–6. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00171-9. PMID 10904169.
  7. 1 2 Luis Astudillo; Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann; Juan P Herrera; Manuel Cortés (April 2000). "Proximate composition and biological activity of Chilean Prosopis species". J Sci Food Agric. 80 (5): 567–573. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<567::AID-JSFA563>3.0.CO;2-Y.
  8. ↑ "Prosopis glandulosa". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
  9. ↑ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
  10. ↑ Constantino Manuel Torres; David B. Repke (15 March 2006). Anadenanthera: visionary plant of ancient South America. Psychology Press. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-7890-2642-2.
  11. ↑ P. juliflora as a source of food and medicine for rural inhabitants in Rio Grande do Norte. ROCHA, R. G. A. In: The Current State of Knowledge on Prosopis juliflora. (Eds.) M. A. Habit and J. C. Saavedra. FAO,, 1990 Rome, Italy, pages 397-403
  12. ↑ Pasiecznik, N.M.; Felker, P.; Harris, P.J.C.; Harsh, L.N.; Cruz, G.; Tewari, J.C.; Cadoret, K.; Maldonado, L.J. (2001). The Prosopis juliflora—Prosopis pallida Complex: A Monograph (PDF). ISBN 0-905343-30-1.
  13. ↑ Adikwu, MU; Ezeabasili, SI; Esimone, CO (2001). "Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of a new polysaccharide gum from Prosopis africana". Bollettino chimico farmaceutico. 140 (1): 40–5. PMID 11338777.
  14. ↑ Prosopis pallida species info
  15. 1 2 ""Mesquite (Prosopis species)" Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra." (PDF).
  16. 1 2 Mesquite Info
  17. ↑ The Mesquite

General references

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