Polymerase

A polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains or polymers of nucleic acids. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are used to assemble DNA and RNA molecules, respectively, by copying a DNA or RNA template strand using base-pairing interactions.

A polymerase from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) (PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7) is used in the polymerase chain reaction, an important technique of molecular biology.

Other well-known polymerases include:

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TDT), which lends diversity to antibody heavy chains
Reverse Transcriptase, an enzyme used by RNA retroviruses like HIV, which is used to create a complementary strand to the preexisting strand of viral RNA before it can be integrated into the DNA of the host cell. It is also a major target for antiviral drugs.

Prokaryotic (initiation)	Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG

Eukaryotic (preparation in G1 phase)	Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single-strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase: HFM1 Primase: PRIM1 PRIM2

Both	Origin of replication/Ori/Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer

Prokaryotic (elongation)	DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment

Eukaryotic (synthesis in S phase)	Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase: alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication

Both	Movement: Processivity DNA ligase

Transferases: phosphorus-containing groups (EC 2.7)

2.7.1: OH acceptor	Hexo- Gluco- Fructo- Hepatic Galacto- Phosphofructo- 1 Liver Muscle Platelet 2 Riboflavin Shikimate Thymidine ADP-thymidine NAD⁺ Glycerol Pantothenate Mevalonate Pyruvate Deoxycytidine PFP Diacylglycerol Phosphoinositide 3 Class I PI 3 Class II PI 3 Sphingosine Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase

2.7.2: COOH acceptor	Phosphoglycerate Aspartate kinase

2.7.3: N acceptor	Creatine

2.7.4: PO₄ acceptor	Phosphomevalonate Adenylate Nucleoside-diphosphate Uridylate Guanylate Thiamine-diphosphate

DNA polymerase	DNA-directed DNA polymerase I II III IV V RNA-directed DNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase Telomerase DNA nucleotidylexotransferase/Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

RNA nucleotidyltransferase	RNA polymerase/DNA-directed RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase III RNA polymerase IV Primase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase PNPase

Other

2.7.8: miscellaneous

Phosphatidyltransferases	CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase CDP-diacylglycerol—choline O-phosphatidyltransferase

Glycosyl-1-phosphotransferase	N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase

2.7.10-2.7.13: protein kinase
(PO₄; protein acceptor)

2.7.10: protein-tyrosine	see tyrosine kinases

2.7.11: protein-serine/threonine	see serine/threonine-specific protein kinases

2.7.12: protein-dual-specificity	see serine/threonine-specific protein kinases

2.7.13: protein-histidine	Protein-histidine pros-kinase Protein-histidine tele-kinase Histidine kinase

Enzymes

Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Enzyme kinetics Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor

Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes

Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list)

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See also