Philippine presidential election

Philippines
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines
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This is a complete list of Philippine Presidential elections since 1935 with the candidates' political party and its corresponding percentage.

This list also includes the election results of the Vice Presidential elections since 1935.

The offices of the president and vice president are elected separately; hence a voter may split one's vote. The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the position.

History

The first presidential election was on September 15, 1935, after the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines; Manuel Quezon of the Nacionalista Party emerged as the victor, defeating previous president Emilio Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo was elected president by the Malolos Congress). As a commonwealth then of the United States, the constitution decreed that the president shall have one term of six years without reelection. In 1940, it was amended to allow one reelection, but with the term shortened to four years; this setup was first used in the second election in 1941 with Quezon being reelected.

However, World War II intervened and thus suspended the elections of 1945. The Empire of Japan set up the Second Philippine Republic that elected José P. Laurel as president by the National Assembly in 1943. After the Japanese were defeated, Congress rescheduled the much-delayed election in 1946. Manuel Roxas of the newly formed Liberal Party won the election a few weeks prior to the granting of independence by the United States. In 1949, the first election for the newly independent republic was held with President Elpidio Quirino winning; Quirino succeeded Roxas, who died while in office. Thereafter, elections were held every four years every second Tuesday of November of the election year, with the winning president and vice president inaugurated on December 30 succeeding the election. The alternation between the Nacionalistas and the Liberals characterized an apparent two-party system of the Third Republic.

In 1971, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and ruled by decree. At this time, a new constitution was ratified in 1973 in which the office of the vice president being abolished. and that the president shall be elected by the National Assembly amongst themselves, although once elected, the president will cease to be a member of the National Assembly and any political party (similar to the British Speaker of the House of Commons). With the members of the National Assembly having no term limits, the president may serve indefinitely.

In 1981, via constitutional amendment, the president is again elected via popular vote, with a term of office of six years starting at the thirtieth of June of the year of the election. In the succeeding election on June 16, 1981 (third Monday of June); Marcos was again elected, with much of the opposition boycotting the election. In addition, the amendment also renamed the National Assembly into its Filipino translation as "Batasang Pambansa." In 1984, another amendment reinstated the office of the vice president. The election of the vice president is similar to the United States presidential election, in which a vote for the president is also a vote for the vice president, although this was later changed to a separate vote for each position. Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement or KBL) won every presidential election of the Fourth Republic until 1986.

In 1986, Marcos called for an early or "snap" election (the next scheduled election was in 1987) and was, including his running mate Arturo Tolentino, declared the winners. The People Power Revolution erupted that drove Marcos out of power, and Corazon Aquino, the runner-up, assumed the presidency. A new constitution was ratified in 1987 that was essentially identical with the provisions of the amended 1973 constitution as long as the election of the president and vice president is concerned, with the presidential election occurring at the second Monday of May and the inauguration every June 30 of the election year. The 1992 election was the first election under the new constitution and elections are held every six years thereafter. Fidel V. Ramos won the 1992 election with just 23% of the vote, the lowest plurality in history; it also ushered in the multi-party system of the Fifth Republic. Thereafter, no winner has won via a majority, although each has had an increasing percentage of votes with every succeeding election. Joseph Estrada won in 1998 in what was described as landslide, getting just under 40% of the votes, while second place Jose de Venecia getting 16%. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who succeeded Estrada at the outcome of the 2001 EDSA Revolution, was the first sitting president to run since 2006 and defeated Fernando Poe, Jr. in the closest margin in history. Benigno Aquino III won with 42% of the vote in what was also called as a landslide, defeating Estrada who had 26% of the vote, and seven others. The ruling party since 1986 has not won the presidential election.

Summary

Regional trends

Regional corridors

Political strategists have divided the country into several "corridors" that replicate or combine administrative regions, which in turn are mostly based from the main ethnic groups. In 1992, prior to the 1992 election, Luis Villafuerte outlined several "corridors" throughout the country, from north to south:^[1]

Corridor		Region/Province	Voters as of 2010	%	Map
	Solid North	Ilocandia (Rest of Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley) & Cordillera Administrative Region	3,900,911	7.69%
	Dagupan-Lucena corridor*	Pangasinan (part of Ilocos Region), Central Luzon, Metro Manila (National Capital Region) & CALABARZON	20,144,499	39.71%
	Bicol corridor	Bicol Region	2,857,925	5.63%
	Panay corridor	Western Visayas (Panay-Guimaras Region)	2,385,660	4.70%
	Negros corridor	Negros Island Region	2,265,740	4.47%
	Cebu corridor	Central Visayas	3,207,106	6.32%
	Samar-Leyte corridor	Eastern Visayas	2,431,584	4.79%
	Northern Mindanao corridor	Northern Mindanao & Caraga	3,782,379	7.46%
	Zamboanga Peninsula corridor	Zamboanga Peninsula	1,856,826	3.66%
	Davao corridor	Davao Region	2,555,783	5.04%
	Cotabato corridor	SOCCSKSARGEN & Maguindanao (part of ARMM)	2,639,119	5.20%
	Not mentioned by Villafuerte	MIMAROPA & the rest of ARMM	2,696,201	5.32%

*Now the Lingayen-Lucena corridor

Metro Manila as an opposition stronghold

Manila, and by extension, Metro Manila, has voted for the opposition candidate (or the opponent(s) of the incumbent's party) in the election.

Bellwether provinces

Since the creation of the province of Basilan, the province has always had the provincial winner be elected President. The national winner has always been the winner in Negros Oriental except in 1961 and 2016.

Home province as a stronghold

Candidates usually win their home provinces. and by extension, region, except when the province has two or more candidates as residents.

President

Bolded name indicates the national winner.

Vice-President

Results summary

• only candidates from third parties whose votes surpassed the margin between the winner and the best loser are included.

Graphical

Results by popular vote margin

For president

For vice president

Results per election

1935

1941

1946

1949

1953

1957

1961

1965

1969

1981 (Presidential only)

1986

1992

1998

2004

2010

2016

References

1. ↑ Felipe B. Miranda and Alex Magno (co-discussants) (1992-02-21). "Strategies and Statistics: The Presidential Battle for Ballots". University of the Philippines Diliman. 

Presidents of the Philippines (list)
First Republic	Emilio Aguinaldo
Commonwealth	Manuel L. Quezon Sergio Osmeña Manuel Roxas
Second Republic	José P. Laurel
Third Republic	Manuel Roxas Elpidio Quirino Ramon Magsaysay Carlos P. Garcia Diosdado Macapagal Ferdinand Marcos
Fourth Republic	Ferdinand Marcos Corazon Aquino
Fifth Republic	Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Benigno Aquino III Rodrigo Duterte

General elections in the Philippines
1935 1941 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1978 1984 1987 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016
Commission on Elections Barangay elections Presidential elections Senatorial elections Special elections to Congress