Passive learning

University lecture hall in Aachen
Lecture at Harvard University
Classroom on a cooperative farm in China configured for passive learning
Learning retention pyramid. Passive learning methods are below and active learning methods are above

Passive learning is a method of learning or instruction where students receive information from the instructor and internalize it, often through some form of memorization or rote learning, and "where the learner receives no feedback from the instructor".[1][2] The term is often used together with direct instruction and lecturing, with passive learning being the result or intended outcome of the instruction. This style of learning is teacher-centered and contrasts to active learning, which is student-centered, whereby students take an active or participatory role in the learning process, and to the Socratic method where students and instructors engage in cooperative argumentative dialogue. Passive learning is a traditional method utilized in modern schools as well as historic and contemporary religious services in churches (sermons), mosques, and synagogues.

Passive learning is not simply the outcome of an educational model. Passive learners may quietly absorb information and knowledge without typically engaging with the information received or the learning experience. They may not interact with others, share insights, or contribute to a dialogue. An estimated 60 percent of people are passive learners.[3]

Passive vs. active learning

The effectiveness of traditional instruction and passive learning methods have been under debate for some time.[2] The modern origins of progressive education, with active learning as a component, can be traced back to the 18th century works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both of whom are known as forerunners of ideas that would be developed by 19th century theorists such as John Dewey. Locke wrote that "truth and knowledge… arise out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas".[4]

Advantages

Advantages of passive learning include: exposure to new material, greater control by the instructor over the classroom, audience, or students; opportunity for a structured and engaging format; ensuring a complement to the subject matter outside of the learning environment and learning space; the ability to clarify course material; presentation of a large amount of information in a short time; instructional materials (lecture notes, handouts, audiovisual media, etc.) can be prepared in advance; important concepts and content can be identified and presented in an organized, structured, and meaningful manner; the potential to facilitate large-class communication.[5][6] This format can also permit dissemination of materials not yet published or readily available.[7]

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of passive learning include the required assumption that for learning to be successful, the students will receive the subject matter with "open minds, like empty vessels or sponges"; the instructor will fill the minds of the students with knowledge in order to obtain better examination results.[8][6] Passive learning allows limited opportunity to assess how well students are learning content and for questions, clarification, or discussion. Students may be reticent about letting instructors know they do not understand key information and they may be reluctant to ask questions in class. With no opportunity for application, it does not consistently engage students' use of higher-level cognitive skills. A standard model is lecture-format with one-way communication which does not engage the listener. It also requires the instructor to have effective speaking and presentation skills. Students are expected to wait for information to be provided and then to follow directions on what to do with that information. Emphasis is placed on repeating information without reflecting or demonstrating an understanding. This can result in surface processing instead of deeper learning, less ability to use what is learned, and the study being deemed irrelevant by the students.[6][5] The disadvantages of passive learning can be compared to the advantages of active learning. It has been suggested that while active engagement with material, students, instructors, etc. might be critical to learning, active participation may not be.[9]

References

  1. ↑ BusinessDirectory.com, definition. Retrieved 2016-04-02
  2. 1 2 Norbert Michel, John James Cater III, Otmar Varela: Active Versus Passive Teaching Styles: An Empirical Study of Student Learning Outcomes, Human Resource Development Quarterly, DOI: 10.1002/hrdq, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. / Business. Retrieved 2016-04-02
  3. ↑ Engage Passive Learnings, Chief Learning Officer, January 10, 2013. Retrieved 2016-04-02
  4. ↑ Hayes, William (2006). The progressive education movement: Is it still a factor in today's schools?. Rowman & Littlefield Education.
  5. 1 2 "Lecturing: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Lecture Method". CIRTL Network. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Transcript of Active vs. Passive Learning, Elena Heath, 6 November 2014, Prezi. Retrieved 2016-04-02
  7. ↑ "Advantages & Disadvantages of Lecturing". TeachingResourcesGuide.com. South Alabama University. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Dean A. McManus, The Two Paradigms of Education and the Peer Review of Teaching, Journal of Geoscience Education, V.49, n.5, November 2001, P423-434. Retrieved 2016-04-02
  9. ↑ Donna Smith and Katy Smith, The Case for ‘Passive’ Learning – The ‘Silent’ Community of Online Learners, European Journal of Open, Distance, and E-Learning. Retrieved 2016-04-02

External links

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