P-glycoprotein

ABCB1
Identifiers
Aliases	ABCB1, ABC20, CD243, CLCS, GP170, MDR1, P-GP, PGY1, ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1
External IDs	MGI: 97570 HomoloGene: 55496 GeneCards: ABCB1
Gene ontology Molecular function • ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances • nucleotide binding • transporter activity • ATPase activity • protein binding • hydrolase activity • ATP binding • xenobiotic-transporting ATPase activity • phosphatidylethanolamine-translocating ATPase activity • phosphatidylcholine-translocating ATPase activity Cellular component • integral component of membrane • membrane • plasma membrane • cell surface • extracellular exosome • apical plasma membrane Biological process • stem cell proliferation • positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I • xenobiotic transport • antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent • G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle • transmembrane transport • transport • response to drug • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent • antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent • phospholipid translocation • drug transmembrane transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5243	18671
Ensembl	ENSG00000085563	ENSMUSG00000040584
UniProt	P08183	P21447
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000927	NM_011076
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000918.2	NP_035206.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 7: 87.5 – 87.71 Mb	Chr 5: 8.66 – 8.75 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]
Wikidata

ABCB1 at EBI Gene Expression Atlas
ABCB1 is differentially expressed in 97 experiments [93 up/106 dn]: 26 organism parts: kidney [2 up/0 dn], bone marrow [0 up/2 dn], ...; 29 disease states: normal [10 up/3 dn], glioblastoma [0 up/2 dn], ...; 30 cell types, 22 cell lines, 11 compound treatments and 16 other conditions.
Factor Value	Factor	Up/Down
Legend: - number of studies the gene is up/down in
Normal	Disease state	10/3
None	Compound treatment	3/0
Stromal cell	Cell type	1/2
Kidney	Cell type	2/0
MDA-MB-231	Cell line	0/2
Glioblastoma	Disease state	0/2
Epithelial cell	Cell type	0/2
HeLa	Cell line	0/2
Primary	Disease staging	2/0
Bone marrow	Organism part	0/2
ABCB1 expression data in ATLAS

P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells. More formally, it is an ATP-dependent efflux pump with broad substrate specificity. It exists in animals, fungi and bacteria and likely evolved as a defense mechanism against harmful substances.

P-gp is extensively distributed and expressed in the intestinal epithelium where it pumps xenobiotics (such as toxins or drugs) back into the intestinal lumen, in liver cells where it pumps them into bile ducts, in the cells of the proximal tubule of the kidney where it pumps them into urine-conducting ducts, and in the capillary endothelial cells composing the blood–brain barrier and blood-testis barrier, where it pumps them back into the capillaries.

P-gp is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB1 gene.^[3] P-gp is a well-characterized ABC-transporter (which transports a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes) of the MDR/TAP subfamily.^[4] The normal excretion of xenobiotics back into the gut lumen by P-gp pharmacokinetically reduces the efficacy of some pharmaceutical drugs (which are said to be P-gp substrates). In addition, some cancer cells also express large amounts of P-gp, further amplifying that effect and rendering these cancers multidrug resistant. Many drugs inhibit P-gp, typically incidentally rather than as their main mechanism of action; some foods do as well. Any such substance can sometimes be called a P-gp inhibitor.

P-gp was discovered in 1971 by Victor Ling.

Function

The protein belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. P-gp is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump for xenobiotic compounds with broad substrate specificity. It is responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and often mediates the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. This protein also functions as a transporter in the blood–brain barrier.^[5]

P-gp transports various substrates across the cell membrane including:

• Drugs such as colchicine, tacrolimus and quinidine
• Chemotherapeutic agents such as etoposide, doxorubicin, and vinblastine
• Lipids
• Steroids
• Xenobiotics
• Peptides
• Bilirubin
• Cardiac glycosides like digoxin
• Immunosuppressive agents
• Glucocorticoids like dexamethasone
• HIV-type 1 antiretroviral therapy agents like protease inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Its ability to transport the above substrates accounts for the many roles of P-gp including:

• Regulating the distribution and bioavailability of drugs
  • Increased intestinal expression of P-glycoprotein can reduce the absorption of drugs that are substrates for P-glycoprotein. Thus, there is a reduced bioavailability, and therapeutic plasma concentrations are not attained. On the other hand, supratherapeutic plasma concentrations and drug toxicity may result because of decreased P-glycoprotein expression
  • Active cellular transport of antineoplastics resulting in multidrug resistance to these drugs
• The removal of toxic metabolites and xenobiotics from cells into urine, bile, and the intestinal lumen
• The transport of compounds out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier
• Digoxin uptake
• Prevention of ivermectin and loperamide entry into the central nervous system
• The migration of dendritic cells
• Protection of hematopoietic stem cells from toxins.^[4]

It is inhibited by many drugs, such as Amiodarone, Azithromycin, Captopril, Clarithromycin, Cyclosporine, Piperine, Quercetin, Quinidine, Quinine, Reserpine, Ritonavir, Tariquidar, and Verapamil^[6].

Structure

P-gp is a 170 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, which includes 10-15 kDa of N-terminal glycosylation. The N-terminal half of the molecule contains 6 transmembrane domains, followed by a large cytoplasmic domain with an ATP-binding site, and then a second section with 6 transmembrane domains and an ATP-binding site that shows over 65% of amino acid similarity with the first half of the polypeptide.^[7] In 2009, the first structure of a mammalian P-glycoprotein was solved (3G5U).^[8] The structure was derived from the mouse MDR3 gene product heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast. The structure of mouse P-gp is similar to structures of the bacterial ABC transporter MsbA (3B5W and 3B5X)^[9] that adopt an inward facing conformation that is believed to be important for binding substrate along the inner leaflet of the membrane. Additional structures (3G60 and 3G61) of P-gp were also solved revealing the binding site(s) of two different cyclic peptide substrate/inhibitors. The promiscuous binding pocket of P-gp is lined with aromatic amino acid side chains. However, the murine P-gp structure is incomplete, missing an intermediate linker sequence proved to be essential for substrate recognition and ATP hydrolysis. Through Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations, this sequence was proved to have a direct impact in the transporter's structural stability (in the nucleotide-binding domains) and defining a lower boundary for the internal drug-binding pocket.^[10]

Mechanism of action

Substrate enters P-gp either from an opening within the inner leaflet of the membrane or from an opening at the cytoplasmic side of the protein. ATP binds at the cytoplasmic side of the protein. Following binding of each, ATP hydrolysis shifts the substrate into a position to be excreted from the cell. Release of the phosphate (from the original ATP molecule) occurs concurrently with substrate excretion. ADP is released, and a new molecule of ATP binds to the secondary ATP-binding site. Hydrolysis and release of ADP and a phosphate molecule resets the protein, so that the process can start again...

Tissue distribution

P-gp is expressed primarily in certain cell types in the liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, and jejunum.^[11] P-gp is also found in brain capillary endothelial cells.^[12]

Detecting the activity of the transporter

Radioactive verapamil can be used for measuring P-gp function with positron emission tomography.^[13]

P-gp is also used to differentiate transitional B-cells from naive B-cells. Dyes such as Rhodamine123 and MitoTracker Dyes from Invitrogen can be used to make this differentiation.^[14]

History

P-gp was first cloned and characterized in 1976. It was shown to be responsible for conferring multidrug resistance upon mutant cultured cancer cells that had developed resistance to cytotoxic drugs.^[4][15]

The structure of P-gp was resolved by x-ray crystallography in 2009.^[8]

References

Further reading

External links

• P-Glycoprotein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Jessica R Oesterheld (2002-05-01). "P-glycoprotein". Mental Health Connections, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-03-02. 
• P-glycoprotein substrate prediction
• NextBio.com
• PharmGKB.org
• The role of MDR1-MDCK in permeability studies The performance of MDR1-MDCK permeability studies for P-glycoprotein substrate identification.
• ABCB1 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• ABCB1 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.