Obitsu River

Coordinates: 35°24′31″N 139°53′54″E / 35.40861°N 139.89833°E / 35.40861; 139.89833

Obitsu River

Native name 小櫃川
Country Japan
Basin
Main source Mount Motokiyosumi (元清澄山 Motokiyosumi-san), Kimitsu, Chiba Prefecture
River mouth Tokyo Bay, Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture
0 m (0 ft)
Basin size 273.2 km2 (105.5 sq mi)
Physical characteristics
Length 88 km (55 mi)

The Obitsu River (小櫃川 Obitsu-gawa) is a river in Kimitsu, Kisarazu, and Sodegaura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The river is 88 kilometers (55 mi) in length and has a drainage area of 273.2 square kilometers (105.5 sq mi).

Description

The Obitsu emerges from the densely forested valleys around Mount Motokiyosumi (344 meters (1,129 ft)) in the Bōsō Hill Range[1] and empties into Tokyo Bay. It is the second largest river in Chiba Prefecture after the Tone River (322 kilometers (200 mi)).[1] The upper reaches of the Obitsu meander through Kimitsu, the middle of the river runs more directly through Kisarazu, and the lower reaches form and estuary and a triangular delta in Sodegaura, an area known as the Banzu Tidal Flats. The Obitsu then turns briefly west back into Kisarazu to empty into Tokyo Bay.[1] The tidal flats of the Obitsu host numerous species of birds and crustaceans. In 2012 an IUCN Red List endangered species crab, Uca lactea lactea, was discovered at the mouth of the river, and may be the northernmost habitat of the crab in Japan.[2]

The Koito River, similarly to the Obitsu, emerges from Mount Motokiyosumi, flows east across Bōsō Peninsula, and empties into Tokyo Bay. The two rivers are the longest in the western region of the peninsula.[3]

Kamegawa Dam

The Kamegawa Dam was built near the Kazusa-Kameyama Station on the JR East Kururi Line on the upper part of the Obitsu River in 1979.[1] The dam forms an artificial lake, Lake Kameyama. The lake is the largest reservoir in Chiba Prefecture with a diameter of 35 kilometers (22 mi).[4]

Tributaries

Name Length Basin Area
Matsu River (松川 Matsu-gawa) 10.4 kilometers (6.5 mi) 25.6 square kilometers (9.9 sq mi)
Yarimizu River (槍水川 Yarimizu-gawa)[5] 3.6 kilometers (2.2 mi) 2.84 square kilometers (1.10 sq mi)
Takeda River (武田川 Takeda-gawa) 15.2 kilometers (9.4 mi) 16.7 square kilometers (6.4 sq mi)
Hasentakeda River (派川武田川 Hasentakeda-gawa)[6] 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi)
Nanamagari River (七曲川 Nanamagari-gawa)[7] 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) 8.14 square kilometers (3.14 sq mi)
Ohara River (御腹川 Ohara-gawa)[8] 17.1 kilometers (10.6 mi) 23.8 square kilometers (9.2 sq mi)
Ōmori River (大森川 Ōmori-gawa)[9] 2.6 kilometers (1.6 mi) 10.4 square kilometers (4.0 sq mi)
Sasa River (笹川 Sasa-gawa)[10] 21 kilometers (13 mi) 22.6 square kilometers (8.7 sq mi)
Ino River (猪ノ川 Ino-kawa)[11] N/A N/A
Shichiri River (七里川 Shichiri-gawa)[12] N/A N/A

History

Early history

The Obitsu River supported a rich population in the Jōmon period (ca. 14,000–300 BC) as evidenced by large-scale kaizuka midden, or shell mounds.[13] The shell mounds of Chiba Prefecture are the largest in Japan, and the Gion Shell Mound (祇園貝塚 Gion-kaizuka), along the Obitsu in the Gion District of Kisarazu, dates from the mid-Jōmon period.[14] While there is some evidence of large-scale settlement along the Obitsu in the Yayoi period (300 BC–250 AD),[15] the entire eastern Bōsō area was again richly populated in the Kofun period (250–538).[16]

Edo period

Inland water transportation to connect the agriculture-rich middle and upper regions of the Obitsu developed slowly and reached its zenith on the Obitsu River in the Edo period (1603–1868). The Tokugawa shogunate showed strong interest in products from Kazusa Province. The shogunate excavated and straightened the meandering middle part of the Obitsu River to develop new paddy fields[1] for the cultivation of rice and renkon lotus root. Like the Yōrō River and the Koito River, small riverboats were used on the Obitsu. Rice, as the nengu tax tribute to the Tokugawa shogunate, passed from the former Kururi Region of Kimitsu to the port at Kisarazu, typically crossing a distance of 27.5 square kilometers (10.6 sq mi). Charcoal, an essential product in the Edo capital, was produced in the central region of the Boso Peninsula, and was another essential trade product on the Obitsu. In the most prosperous period of the Obitsu River, there were 35 riverboats active in trade, and most were property of individual villages along middle and upper reaches of the river.[17] The mouth of the Obitsu River became a lively trade center, as the Port of Kisarazu had exclusive rights to sea traffic between the western Bōsō Peninsula and the Edo capital.[18]

Modern period

The lower parts of the Obitsu River along Tokyo Bay were developed in the early 20th century to support growing industrial facilities along Tokyo Bay.,[17] and this area ultimately became an important part of the Keiyō Industrial Zone. Despite the large industrial development of the lower part of Obitsu River, the middle and upper ranges of the continue to be used extensively for rice and vegetable production.[3] The Obitsu River in the area around the Nagasuka, Kisarazu has historically been used for large-scale renkon lotus root cultivation. The low, damps areas of the river have been developed into rice paddy fields and fields for the production of lotus root.[1] The renkon of the area became popular in the Tokyo area at the end of the Edo period, and remain in cultivation today.[19] Additionally, the shallows at the Banzu Tidal Flats formed the largest area of nori seaweed cultivation in the Tokyo Bay region.[1]

Recreation

Reeds at Banzu Tidal Flats of the Obitsu River, Tokyo Bay

Kimitsu

Kisarazu

Sodegaura

Footnote

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Obitsu-gawa". Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) “Encyclopedia of Japan (Nipponika)”) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  2. ↑ 絶滅危惧種のカニ　東京湾で初めて発見　木更津の小櫃川河口　ハクセンシオマネキ [Highly endangered crab species, Uca lactea lactea, first discovery at Tokyo Bay at mouth of Obitsu River in Kisarazu]. Chiba Nippo (in Japanese). Chiba, Chiba Prefecture: Chiba Nippo Co., Ltd. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 "Obitsu-gawa". Dijitaru daijisen (デジタル大辞泉 “Digital Dictionary”) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  4. 1 2 亀山湖(Japanese)
  5. ↑ 槍水川(Japanese)
  6. ↑ 派川武田川(Japanese)
  7. ↑ 七曲川(Japanese)
  8. ↑ 御腹川(Japanese)
  9. ↑ 大森川(Japanese)
  10. ↑ 笹川(Japanese)
  11. ↑ 折木沢（おりきさわ）・猪ノ川（いのかわ）渓谷(Japanese)
  12. ↑ 猪ノ川・七里川(Japanese)
  13. ↑ 宇宙からみる小櫃川流域貝塚群(Japanese)
  14. ↑ Chiba Kenshi Hensan Shingikai (1967). Chiba-ken shiryō (in Japanese). v.1, Genshi kodai hen, Kazusa-no-kuni. Chiba-ken. p. 6.
  15. ↑ Chiba Kenshi Hensan Shingikai (1967). Chiba-ken shiryō (in Japanese). v.1, Genshi kodai hen, Kazusa-no-kuni. Chiba-ken. p. 52.
  16. ↑ Chiba Kenshi Hensan Shingikai (1967). Chiba-ken shiryō (in Japanese). v.1, Genshi kodai hen, Kazusa-no-kuni. Chiba-ken. pp. 52–63.
  17. 1 2 Sumihisa, Takahashi (1972). Bōsō no nenrin (in Japanese). Tokyo: Sōjusha. p. 49.
  18. ↑ Port of Kisarazu
  19. 1 2 木更津市歴史通り（8）ハス田(Japanese)
  20. ↑ 亀山湖・亀山ダム(Japanese)
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