Quercus rubra

Not to be confused with Quercus robur.
Quercus rubra
Autumn northern red oak specimen

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Section: Lobatae
Species: Q. rubra
Binomial name
Quercus rubra
L. 1753
Synonyms
  • Erythrobalanus rubra (L.) O.Schwarz</l>
  • Quercus ambigua F.Michx. 1812 not Bonpl. 1809
  • Quercus angulizana]] Ra

f.

  • Quercus borealis F.Michx.</ll>
  • Quercus cuneata Dippel 1892 not Wangenh. 1

787

  • Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe</sm

all>

  • Quercus sada Mast.

Quercus rubra, commonly called northern red oak, or champion oak, (syn. Quercus borealis), is an oak in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is a native of North America, in the eastern and central United States and southeast and south-central Canada. It grows from the north end of the Great Lakes, east to Nova Scotia, south as far as Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana, and west to Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota.[2] It has been introduced to small areas in Western Europe, where it can frequently be seen cultivated in gardens and parks. It prefers good soil that is slightly acidic. Often simply called red oak, northern red oak is so named to distinguish it from southern red oak (Q. falcata), also known as the Spanish oak. It is also the state tree of New Jersey and the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island.

Description

Wood of the Red Oak. From Romeyn Beck Hough's fourteen-volume work The American Woods, a collection of over 1000 paper-thin wood samples representing more than 350 varieties of North American tree.

In many forests, this deciduous tree grows straight and tall, to 28 m (92 ft), exceptionally to 43 m (141 ft) tall, with a trunk of up to 50–100 cm (20–39 in) diameter. Open-grown trees do not get as tall, but can develop a stouter trunk, up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. It has stout branches growing at right angles to the stem, forming a narrow round-topped head. It grows rapidly and is tolerant of many soils and varied situations, although it prefers the glacial drift and well-drained borders of streams.[3] It is frequently a part of the canopy in an oak-heath forest, but generally not as important as some other oaks.[4][5][6]

Under optimal conditions, northern red oak is fast growing and a 10-year-old tree can be 5–6 m (16–20 ft) tall.[7] Trees may live up to 500 years according to the USDA,[8] and a living example of 326 years was noted in 2001 by Orwig et al.[6][9]

Northern red oak is easy to recognize by its bark, which feature bark ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down the center. A few other oaks have bark with this kind of appearance in the upper tree, but the northern red oak is the only tree with the striping all the way down the trunk.[6]

Red oak acorns, unlike the white oak group, display epigeal dormancy and will not germinate without a minimum of three months' exposure to sub-40 °F (4 °C) temperatures. They also take two years of growing on the tree before development is completed.[6]

Immature foliage in Ramapo Mountain State Forest, New Jersey 
Autumn foliage 
Autumn red oak leaf 
Detail of mature bark 
 

Uses

Red oak in Appalachian mountains

The northern red oak is one of the most important oaks for timber production in North America. Quality red oak is of high value as lumber and veneer, while defective logs are used as firewood. Other related oaks are also cut and marketed as red oak, although their wood is not always of as high a quality. These include eastern black oak, scarlet oak, pin oak, Shumard oak, southern red oak and other species in the red oak group. Construction uses include flooring, veneer, interior trim, and furniture. It is also used for lumber, railroad ties, and fence posts.

Red oak wood grain is so open that smoke can be blown through it from end-grain to end-grain on a flat-sawn board. For this reason, it is subject to moisture infiltration and is unsuitable for outdoor uses such as boatbuilding or exterior trim.

Ornamental use

Quercus rubra is grown in parks and large gardens as a specimen tree.[10] It is not planted as often as the closely related Pin Oak as it develops a taproot and quickly becomes difficult to transplant. Acorns should either be sown in the location where the tree is intended to be planted or else moved to their permanent location within the seedling's first year. As the tree gets older, the taproot gradually shrinks and the lateral root network expands. Northern Red Oak is easy to start from seed, however the acorns must be protected from animal predation over the winter months.

As with other oaks, germination takes place in late spring when all frost danger has passed. The seedling grows rapidly for its first month, then pauses for another month, and sends out more new shoots until September when growth stops for the year. If the weather stays favorable, a third burst of growth may occur.

This oak is grown across Canada almost everywhere it will grow. It has naturalized in southeastern British Columbia near the Alberta border.

Famous specimens

See also

References

  1. NatureServe (2006), "Quercus rubra", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, retrieved 2007-06-13 |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
  2. "Quercus rubra". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2013.
  3. 1 2 Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New Roak: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 349–354.
  4. The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  5. Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flora of North America: Quercus rubra
  7. Arbor Day Foundation, Northern Red Oak
  8. United States Department of Agriculture Plant Guide
  9. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Eastern US oldlist
  10. "RHS Plant Selector – Quercus rubra". Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  11. 1 2 Rucker, Colby B. (February 2004), Great Eastern Trees, Past and Present, retrieved 2007-05-05
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