Methoctramine

Methoctramine
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Only for research
Identifiers
CAS Number 104807-46-7 YesY
PubChem (CID) 4108
IUPHAR/BPS 327
ChemSpider 3965 YesY
UNII RLO2T99XT3 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:73339 YesY
Chemical and physical data
Formula C36H62N4O2
Molar mass 582.90 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
Solubility in water 20 g/l mg/mL (20 °C)

Methoctramine is a polymethylene tetraamine that acts as a muscarinic antagonist. It preferently binds to the pre-synaptic receptor M2, a muscarinic acetylcholine ganglionic protein complex present basically in heart cells. In normal conditions -absence of methoctramine-, the activation of M2 receptors diminishes the speed of conduction of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes thus reducing the heart rate. Thanks to its apparently high cardioselectivity, it has been studied as a potential parasymphatolitic drug, particularly against bradycardia. However, currently it’s only addressed for research purposes, since the administration to humans is still unavailable.

Chemistry

Mechanism of action

Methoctramine has been shown to competitively antagonize muscarinic receptors, thus preventing them from binding to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (and other agonists, such as bethanechol or berberine). At higher concentrations, allosteric properties of methoctramine have also been described.[1]

Biochemical literature distinguishes 5 different types of muscarinic receptors, each of one having a different affinity to methoctramine:

Muscarinic receptor subtype M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Affinity constants (nM) in Chinese hamster ovary cells.[2] 50 13.2 214 31.6 135

Please note that, the lower the affinity constants are, the more affinity exists.

As shown in the chart above, methoctramine binds preferently to M2 receptors, found mostly in the parasympathetic nerves and atria. There, the activity it develops is clearly related to the contraction process. In presence of acetylcholine, M2 receptors are believed to play an autoinhibitory role in the atria, triggering processes that prevent contraction from occurring. Hence, the presence of the antagonist methoctramine provokes an increase of the heart rate.

In marked contrast of the above, methoctramine has the opposite function in other organs: it inhibits contraction. This occurs especially in the bladder, where, unlike the heart, autoinhibitory processes of this type do not exist.

Recent research, however, led to find the mentioned specialty dubious, rising the possibility of it binding to other types of receptors, such as nicotinic ACh receptors –at micromolar concentrations- or adenosine A3.

Effects

The exact effects of methoctramine still remain unknown. However, the few experiments conducted have led to relate this molecule to the following:

Uses

Still object of investigation, methoctramine has not been introduced in the pharmacological industry yet. Research conducted in mice (and other animals), suggests nonetheless many clinical uses of it, thanks to its implications in contraction processes. These applications include, but are not limited to:

Toxicity

Methoctramine was shown to produce some cytotoxic effects,[8] being the cardiomyoblasts the most sensitive cells reported. Cell death occurs only at high micromolar concentrations (being the average pharmacological dose at nanomolar level). From all the methoctramine-derived polymers, those with more spacing between the inner nitrogen atoms were shown to have the lowest lethal doses.

This mentioned toxicity has its origin in a non-muscarinic mechanism, and bears a strong resemblance to other anticholinergic drugs, such as gallamine.

There’s evidence that lithium could act as an antidote against methoctramine.[9]

See also

References

  1. Jakubik, Jan; Zimcik, Pavel; Randakova, Alena; Fuksova, Kvetoslava; El-Fakahany, Esam E.; Dolezal, Vladimir (May 28, 2014). "Molecular Mechanisms of Methoctramine Binding and Selectivity at Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 86: 180–92. doi:10.1124/mol.114.093310. PMID 24870405.
  2. Schwartz W.J.(1997). Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, Vol.15 Sleep Science: Integrating Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Worcester(Massachusetts). Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-6537-0
  3. Gómez-Martínez, LE1; Cueva-Rolón, R. (Nov 5, 2009). "Muscarinic receptor antagonism at the spinal cord level causes inhibitory effects on male rat sexual behavior.". Behavioural Brain Research. 203 (2): 247–255. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.010. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  4. Öztürk, Hayrettin; Onen, Abdurrahman; Guneli, Ensari; Cicek, Ramazan; Tas Hekimoglu, Askin (2003). "Effects of methoctramine on bladder overactivity in rat model". Urology. 61 (3): 671–676. doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02260-4.
  5. Lazaris, A; Cassel, S; Stemmelin, J; Cassel, JC; Kelche, C (2004). "Mar-Apr 24). "Intrastriatal infusions of methoctramine improve memory in cognitively impaired aged rats". Neurobiology of Aging. 24 (2): 379–83. doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00067-2. PMID 12498972.
  6. Wess J1, Angel P; Melchiorre, C; Moser, U; Mutschler, E; Lambrecht, G. (1988). "Methoctramine selectively blocks cardiac muscarinic M2 receptors in vivo". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 338 (3): 246–9. doi:10.1007/bf00173395. PMID 3057387.
  7. Watson, N.; Barnes, P.J.; Maclagan, J. (1992). "Actions of methoctramine, a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, on muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors in guinea-pig airways in vivo and in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 105 (1): 107–112. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14219.x. PMC 1908607Freely accessible. PMID 1596672.
  8. Zini, M; Passariello, CL; Gottardi, D; Cetrullo, S; Flamingi, F; Pignati, C; Minarini, A; Tumiatti, V; Milelli, A; Melchiorre, C; Stefaneli, C (2009). "Oct 30). "Citotoxicity of methoctramine and methoctramine-related polyamines". Chemico biological interactions. 181 (3): 379–83. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.015. PMID 19576191.
  9. N1, Giladi; M, Sutton; B, Lo; S, Przedborski; S, Fahn; JL, Cadet (September 1993). "Toxicity of the specific antimuscarinic agent methoctramine and other non-specific anticholinergic drugs in human neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro.". Toxicology in Vitro. 7 (5): 595–603. PMID 20732256.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/15/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.