Atlantic Forest

Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica)
Forest
Atlantic Forest in Serra do Mar.
Countries	Brazil,  Paraguay,  Argentina
Part of	South America
River	Paraná River
Area	1,315,460 km2 (507,902 sq mi)
Map of the Atlantic Forest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF. Yellow line approximately encloses the Atlantic Forest distribution. Satellite image from NASA.

The Atlantic Forest (Portuguese: Mata Atlântica) is a terrestrial biome and region which extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the north to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south, and inland as far as Paraguay and the Misiones Province of Argentina, where the region is known as Selva Misionera.

The Atlantic Forest has ecoregions within the following biome categories: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, and mangrove forests. The Atlantic Forest is characterized by a high species diversity and endemism.^[1]

It was the first environment that the Portuguese colonizers encountered over 500 years ago, when it was thought to have had an area of 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 km² (390,000 to 580,000 sq mi), and stretching an unknown distance inland.^[2] Over 85% of the original area has been deforested, threatening many plants and animals with extinction^[3][4]

Ecology

The Atlantic Forest region includes forests of several variations:

• Restinga is a forest type that grows on stabilized coastal dunes. Restinga Forests are generally closed canopy short forests with tree density. Open Restinga is an open, savanna-like formation with scattered clumps of small trees and shrubs and an extensive layer of herbs, grasses, and sedges.^[5]
• Tropical moist forests are forests that receive more than 2000 mm of rain a year. This includes Lowland Tropical Moist Forests, Submontane Tropical Moist Forest, and Montane Tropical Moist Forest.^[5]
• Tabuleiro forests are found over very moist clay soils and Tabuleiro Savannas occur over faster-draining sand soils.^[5] These are humid areas that rely on water vapor from the ocean.^[6]
• Further inland are the Atlantic dry forests or seasonal forests, which form a transition between the arid Caatinga to the northeast and the Cerrado savannas to the east. These forests are lower in stature; more open, with high abundance of deciduous trees and lower diversity when compared to tropical moist forests. These forests have between 700–1600 mm of precipitation annually with a distinct dry season. This includes Deciduous and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest each with their own lowland and montane regions.^[5][6]
• Montane moist forests are higher altitude wet forests across mountains and plateaus of southern Brazil.
• The Mussununga forests occur in southern Bahia and northern Espirito Santo states. The Mussununga ecosystem ranges from grasslands to woodlands associated with sandy spodosols. The word Mussununga is Amerindian Tupi-Guarani meaning soft and wet white sand.^[7]
• Shrubby montane savannas occur at the highest elevations, also called Campo rupestre.

The Atlantic Forest is unusual in that it extends as a true tropical rainforest to latitudes as high as 24°S. This is because the trade winds produce precipitation throughout the southern winter. In fact, the northern Zona da Mata of northeastern Brazil receives much more rainfall between May and August than during the southern summer. The Atlantic forest is a rain forest.

History

During glacial periods in the Pleistocene, the Atlantic Forest is known to have shrunk to extremely small fragmented refugia in highly sheltered gullies, being separated by areas of dry forest or semi-deserts known as caatingas.^[6] Some maps even suggest the forest actually survived in moist pockets well away from the coastline where its endemic rainforest species mixed with much cooler-climate species. Unlike refugia for equatorial rainforests, the refuges for the Atlantic Forest have never been the product of detailed identification.

Biodiversity

Despite so little forest remaining, the Atlantic Forest remains extraordinarily lush in biodiversity and endemic species, many of which are threatened with extinction. Approximately 40 percent of its vascular plants and up 60 percent of its vertebrates are endemic species, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world.^[8] The official threatened species list of Brazil contains over 140 terrestrial mammal species found in Atlantic Forest. In Paraguay there are 35 species listed as threatened, and 22 species are listed as threatened in the interior portion of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Nearly 250 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals have become extinct due to the result of human activity in the past 400 years. Over 11,000 species of plants and animals are considered threatened today in the Atlantic Forest.^[6]

Over 52% of the tree species and 92% of the amphibians are endemic to this area. The forest harbors around 20,000 species of plants, with almost 450 tree species being found in just one hectare in some occasions.^[9]

New species are continually being found in the Atlantic Forest. In fact, between 1990 and 2006 over a thousand new flowering plants were discovered. Furthermore, in 1990 researchers re-discovered a small population of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara, previously thought to have been extinct.^[10] A new species of blonde capuchin (Cebus queirozi), named for its distinguishing bright blonde hair, was discovered in northeastern Brazil at the Pernambuco Endemism Center in 2006.^[11] A species of endangered three-toed sloth, named the maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) because of its long hair, is endemic to the Atlantic Forest.^[12]

Conservation

Human impact

Atlantic Forest Fragmentation

Deforestation of Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro

The incorporation of modern human societies and their needs for forest resources has greatly reduced the size of the Atlantic Forest, which has resulted in species impoverishment.^[13] Almost 88% of the original forest habitat has been lost and replaced by human-modified landscapes including pastures, croplands, and urban areas. This deforestation continues at an annual rate of .5% and up to 2.9% in urban areas.

Agriculture: A major portion of human land use in the Atlantic Rain Forest is for agriculture. Crops include sugar-cane, coffee, tea, tobacco and more recently soybean and biofuel crops.^[8]

Pasture: Even more common than using land for agriculture is the conversion of forest to cattle pastures.^[14] This is commonly done by method of slash and burn which increases a forest chance of human-induced burning.

Hunting: Species in a fragmented forest are more susceptible to decline in population size because they are in an confined area that is more accessible to hunters. Larger animals make up the highest percentage of biomass. These animals are also the most rewarding to hunters and are heavily hunted in accessible fragments. This results in a change in species interactions such as seed dispersal and competition for resources.

Logging: Logging removes 10 to 80% of the canopy cover of a forest making that habitat more susceptible to natural elements such as wind and sunlight. This causes an increase in forest heating and desiccation.^[15] Large amounts of organic litter and debris builds up which results in an increase in forests vulnerability to fires. Additionally, logging roads create accessibility for humans; and therefore increases the amount of human land disturbances and decreases the amount of natural forest.^[15]

Fire: Human activity such as logging causes an increase in debris along forest floors that makes the Atlantic Forest more susceptible to fires. This is a forest type that is not accustomed to regular fire activity, so human induced fires dramatically affect the forest understory because plants do not have fire adaptations. In result, the forest becomes even more vulnerable to secondary fires, which are far more destructive and kill many more species including large trees.^[15]

Results of human activity

Habitat fragmentation leads to a cascade of alterations of the original forest landscape.^[8] For example, the extent of human disturbances, including habitat destruction, in the Atlantic Forest has led to an extinction crisis.^[16] The endemic species in this region are especially vulnerable to extinction due to fragmentation because of their small geographic ranges and low occurrence.^[17] In a study of the Atlantic Forest fragments, community level biomass was reduced to 60% in plots less than 25 hectares.^[18] Key ecological processes such as seed dispersal, gene flow, colonization and other processes are disturbed by fragmentation.^[18] With many key vertebrate seed dispersers going extinct, it is predicted that many regional, fruit-bearing tree species in the Atlantic forest will become extinct due to failure of seedling recruitment and recolonisation.^[14] With all these species already threatened, it is predicted that with the persistence of current deforestation rates the Atlantic forest will see continued extinction of species.^[16]

Conservation by nongovernmental organizations

Due to the Atlantic Forest’s vast diversity of endemic plants and animals as well as the fragmentation affecting these species, many groups and organizations are working towards the restoration of this unique ecosystem. Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are huge benefactors in Brazil, providing funding as well as professional help to the Atlantic Forest due to the Brazilian Environmental Movement.^[19] One organization, called BirdLife International, is using their research to preserve bird biodiversity of the area by primarily working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources.^[19]

Some organizations are receiving grants from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) if they abide by their directions.^[19] These include:

• Species protection program
• The Program for Supporting Private Natural Heritage Reserves
• The Institutional Strengthening Program

Another strategy being implemented to maintain biodiversity within the Atlantic Forest is creating wildlife corridors. The World Bank is donating $44 million to create a corridor, which will be known as the Central Biodiversity Corridor, in the Atlantic Forest and one in the Amazon.^[19] The Brazilian Development Bank has been financing, with non-reimbursable loans, 16 to 18 ecosystem restoration projects totaling 3,500 hectares and costing approximately $22 million under the so-called Iniciativa BNDES Mata Atlântica.^[20] In order to preserve diversity, the state of Sao Paulo has created the Restinga de Bertioga State Park, a 9.3 thousand hectares park which is also serves as a wildlife corridor linking the coastal regions to the Serra do Mar mountain range.^[21] Some organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy, are planning to restore parts of the forest that have been lost and to build corridors that are compatible with the lifestyles of the native people.^[22] The Amazon Institute is active in reforestation efforts in the northeastern state of Pernambuco, Brazil. During 2007, Joao Milanez and Joanne Stanulonis have planted 5,500 new trees in the mountains commencing with Gravata, adding to the precious little, ancient forest left.

The Pact for Atlantic Forest Restoration has assembled over 100 businesses, nongovernmental and governmental organizations around the goal of having 15 million hectares of the original ecosystem restored by 2050.^[23]

Ecoregions

Atlantic forest in Curitiba (Brazil).

Terrestrial ecoregions within the Atlantic Forest Biome include:

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

• Araucaria moist forests
• Atlantic Coast restingas
• Bahia coastal forests
• Bahia interior forests
• Caatinga enclaves moist forests
• Paraná-Paraíba interior forests
• Pernambuco coastal forests
• Pernambuco interior forests
• Serra do Mar coastal forests

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

• Atlantic dry forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

• Campos Rupestres montane savanna

Mangrove forests

• Bahia mangroves
• Ilha Grande mangroves
• Rio Piranhas mangroves
• Rio São Francisco mangroves

See also

• Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve
• List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil
• Biodiversity hotspot
• List of ecoregions in Brazil

References

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantic Forest.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mata Atlântica.

• official Atlantic Forest Foundation website — preservation of the Atlantic Forest organization.
• The Nature Conservancy: Atlantic Forest biome — with photos.
• UNESCO World Heritage Site: Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves
• Mongabay: Mata Atlántica

World Heritage Sites in Brazil
North Region	Central Amazon Conservation Complex
Northeast Region	Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves1 Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park
Central-West Region	Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area
Southeast Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves1 Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves1 Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas
South Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves1 Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis2 Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
1 Shared with other region/s 2 Shared with Argentina

Coordinates: 16°30′S 39°15′W / 16.500°S 39.250°W / -16.500; -39.250