M33 (gene)

M33 is a gene.^[1] It is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Polycomb.^[1] It localises to euchromatin within interphase nuclei, but it is enriched within the centromeric heterochromatin of metaphase chromosomes.^[1] In mice, the official symbol of M33 gene styled Cbx2 and the official name chromobox 2 are maintained by the MGI. Also known as pc; MOD2. In human ortholog CBX2, synonyms CDCA6, M33, SRXY5 from orthology source HGNC. M33 was isolated by means of the structural similarity of its chromodomain.^[2] It contains a region of homology shared by Xenopus and Drosophila in the fifth exon. ^[3] Polycomb genes in Drosophila mediate changes in higher-order chromatin structure to maintain the repressed state of developmentally regulated genes .^[4] M33 deficiency interferes with steps upstream of the Y-chromosome-specific SRY gene may cause sex reversal.^[5] It may also involved in the campomelic syndrome and neoplastic disorders linked to allele loss in this region.^[6] Disruption of the murine M33 gene, displayed posterior transformation of the sternal ribs and vertebral columns .^[7]

Gene location

The mouse M33 gene is located on the Chromosome 11, from base pair 119,022,962 to base pair 119,031,270 (Build GRCm38/mm10)(Map). Human homolog of M33, Chromobox homolog 2 (CBX2 ) is located on Chromosome 17, from base pair 79,777,188 to base pair 79,787,650(Build GRCh38.p2 )(Map).

Location of the M33 gene on chromosome 11.

Protein structure

This protein contains Chromo (CHRromatin Organization MOdifier) domain and nuclear localization signal motif.^[8] The full-length M33 sequence encodes a 519 amino acid (aa) protein.^[2]

Function and mechanism

The mouse Polycomb group (PcG) protein M33 maintains repressed states of developmentally important genes, including homeotic genes and forms nuclear complexes with other PcG members. e.g.BMI1.^[9] It also direct and/or indirect controls the vicinity of Hox genes regulatory regions, which are the accessibility of retinoic acid response elements .^[10] The deletion of Cbx2/M33 in mice results in male-to-female sex reversal, homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton, and growth retardation.^[11] The expression of Sry and Sox9 genes in gonads of XY Cbx2-knockout mice is reduced, suggesting that Cbx2 is required for the expression of Sry in gonadal development.^[12] Moreover, the deficient of M33 also possessed abnormally few nucleated cells in the thymus and spleen, due to the aberrant T-cell expansion.^[13] In transiently transfected cells, M33 acts as a transcriptional repressor . Biochemical assays indicate that two murine proteins, Ring1A^[14] and Ring1B^[14] interact directly with the repressor domain of M33 and that Ring1A can also behave as a transcriptional repressor.^[15]

Mutation

Katoh-Fukui et al. (1998) indicates that homozygous M33-mutant mice represent the first case in which male-to-female gonadal sex reversal results from a defect in a known recessive gene. In humans, the mutations in this gene are also associated with gonadal dysgenesis. Compound heterozygous mutations in M33 were identified in a patient with 46,XY DSD with histologicall female internaly, normal ovaries and external genitalia.^[16]

References