Liver disease

Hepatic disease
Micrograph of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Classification and external resources
Specialty Gastroenterology
MedlinePlus 000205

Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.[1]

Associated medical conditions

Types

Ground glass hepatocytes
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Budd-chiari syndrome

There are more than a hundred different kinds of liver disease,symptoms may include jaundice and weight loss. These are some of the most common:[2]

Mechanism

Liver disease can occur through several mechanisms. A common form of liver disease is viral infection. Viral hepatitides such as Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus can be vertically transmitted during birth via contact with infected blood.[18][19] According to a 2012 NICE publication, "about 85% of hepatitis B infections in newborns become chronic".[20] In occult cases, Hepatitis B virus is present by HBV DNA, but testing for HBsAg is negative.[21] High consumption of alcohol can lead to several forms of liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.[22] In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease, fat builds up in the liver's cells due to increased creation of triglycerides and fatty acids and a decreased ability to break down fatty acids.[23] Progression of the disease can lead to liver inflammation from the excess fat in the liver. Scarring in the liver often occurs as the body attempts to heal and extensive scarring can lead to the development of cirrhosis in more advanced stages of the disease.[23] Approximately 3-10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.[23]

According to Tilg, et al, gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter.[24]

Diagnosis

A number of liver function tests (LFTs) are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products. serum proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time.[25]

Treatment

Ursodeoxycholic acid

Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B.[26] Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:

See also

References

  1. "Liver Diseases: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  2. "Liver disease - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  3. "CDC - Fasciola". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  4. "Hepatitis: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  5. "Alcoholic liver disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  6. "Hepatic steatosis". Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  7. "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  8. "Hemochromatosis: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  9. "Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  10. Leslie, Nancy; Tinkle, Brad T. (1993). Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora JH; Bird, Thomas D.; Dolan, Cynthia R.; Fong, Chin-To, eds. Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301438.
  11. "Transthyretin amyloidosis". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  12. "Gilbert syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  13. "Cirrhosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  14. "Liver cancer - Hepatocellular carcinoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  15. "Primary biliary cirrhosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  16. "Sclerosing cholangitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  17. "Hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  18. Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, Abu-Raddad LJ (September 2014). "Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (6): 765–73. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu447. PMC 4144266Freely accessible. PMID 24928290.
  19. Komatsu H (July 2014). "Hepatitis B virus: where do we stand and what is the next step for eradication?". World journal of gastroenterology. 20 (27): 8998–9016. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8998. PMC 4112872Freely accessible. PMID 25083074.
  20. "Hepatitis B and C: ways to promote and offer testing to people at increased risk of infection | Guidance and guidelines | NICE". www.nice.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  21. Samal J, Kandpal M, Vivekanandan P (January 2012). "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (1): 142–163. doi:10.1128/CMR.00018-11. PMC 3255968Freely accessible. PMID 22232374.
  22. Suk KT, Kim MY, Baik SK (September 2014). "Alcoholic liver disease: treatment". World journal of gastroenterology. 20 (36): 12934–44. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12934. PMC 4177474Freely accessible. PMID 25278689.
  23. 1 2 3 Williams JA, Manley S, Ding WX (September 2014). "New advances in molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver diseases". World journal of gastroenterology. 20 (36): 12908–33. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12908. PMC 4177473Freely accessible. PMID 25278688.
  24. Tilg, Herbert; Cani, Patrice D.; Mayer, Emeran A. (1 December 2016). "Gut microbiome and liver diseases". Gut. 65 (12): 2035–2044. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312729. ISSN 1468-3288. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  25. "Liver function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  26. De Clercq, Erik; Férir, Geoffrey; Kaptein, Suzanne; Neyts, Johan (2010). "Antiviral Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infections†". Viruses. 2 (6): 1279–1305. doi:10.3390/v2061279. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3185710Freely accessible. PMID 21994680.
  27. Hirschfield, Gideon M.; Heathcote, E. Jenny (2011-12-02). Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Guide for Practicing Clinicians. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781607615699.
  28. "Phlebotomy Treatment | Treatment and Management | Training & Education | Hemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease) | NCBDDD | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  29. "Wilson Disease". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  30. Suchy, Frederick J.; Sokol, Ronald J.; Balistreri, William F. (2014-02-20). Liver Disease in Children. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107729094.
  31. "Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease related to cystic fibrosis | Cochrane". www.cochrane.org. Retrieved 2015-06-20.

Further reading

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