List of historical markers of the Philippines in Central Luzon

This list of historical markers installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) in Central Luzon is an annotated list of people, places, or events in the region that have been commemorated by cast-iron plaques issued by the said commission. The plaques themselves are permanent signs installed in publicly visible locations on buildings, monuments, or in special locations.

While many Cultural Properties have historical markers installed, not all places marked with historical markers are designated into one of the particular categories of Cultural Properties.

Aurora

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Aurora Aragon Quezon (1888–1949) Building House House of the First Lady of Manuel Quezon. Baler Filipino February 19, 1985
Bayan ng Baler Established as a Franciscan mission in 1609. Baler Filipino 2009
Birthplace of Manuel Luis Quezon Structure Monument Manuel Quezon was born here August 19, 1878. Baler English 1948
Dikaloyungan Site Site Site of declaration of defiance against the Spaniards in Aurora. Baler Filipino 2001
Lt. Gilmore Rescue Party Site Site Baler English 1939
Siege of the Church of Baler Building House of Worship Spanish garrison was besieged in Baler Church. Baler English 1939
Simbahan ng Baler Building House of Worship First built by Franciscans in 1611. Baler English

Bataan

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Bataan and Democracy [1] In commemoration of the struggle of Bataan in World War II. Contains a quote from United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s radio address of January 3, 1945. Hermosa English 1949
Cabcaben Mariveles, Bataan [2] Resistance against the Japanese ended when Corregidor fell and when Lieutenant General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered to Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma in a house in this site. Bataan Provincial Expresway/Roman Superhighway, Townsite, Mariveles Filipino
Cayetano Arellano Birthplace of the first Filipino chief justice of the Philippines Orion Filipino April 1970
Church of Abucay [3] Building House of Worship Dominicans were entrusted here in 1588. Abucay Church facade, Abucay English 1939
Church of Balanga [4] Balanga Church facade, Balanga City English 1940
Church of Hermosa Served as a temporary provincial chapter for the Dominicans Hermosa English 1939
Church of Orion[5] Orion Church facade, Orion English 1939
Church of Samal Building House of Worship Dominicans were entrusted here in 1596. Samal Church facade, Samal English 1939
Church of Orani Building House of Worship Became an independent missionary center in 1714. Orani Church facade, Orani English 1939
Death March April 1942 The last frontline of the defense of the Bataan Peninsula against the Japanese Bagac English 1968
The Death March of Filipino and American Prisoners of War from Mariveles and Bagac to Camp O' Donnell, Capas, Tarlac April 1942 Structure Memorial Site of Dambana ng Kagitingan. Mt. Samat, Pilar Filipino, English 1967
The Fall of Bataan
9 April 1942 [6]
Site/Events Site In memory of the Filipinos and Americans who fought in World War II Balanga English April 9, 1952
Francisco C. Baltazar (Balagtas) 1788-1862 [7] Great Filipino poet, author of Florante at Laura. Balagtas Monument, Brgy. Wawa, Orion Filipino 2015
Kalookan ng Sisiman Lookout of Sisiman Sisiman, Mariveles English April 10, 1982
Mariveles [8] Starting point of Death March, April 9, 1942 Mariveles English 1950

The Provincial Government Building of Bataan [9] Formerly known as the Casa Real Balanga City English 1939
Tomas del Rosario Personage Remembered for advocating the separation of church and state in the Philippines Balanga City Filipino 2007

Bulacan

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Site where the house stood housing the school of the Women of Malolos which was given a letter by Rizal. Malolos City Filipino June 20, 1961
Convent where Emilio Aguinaldo announced the ratification of the Malolos Constitution. Barasoain Church Convent, Malolos City Filipino 1969
Barasoain as the Cradle of Democracy in the East. Barasoain Church, Malolos City Filipino
Barasoain Church site where Aguinaldo took his oath as the president of the Philippines. Barasoain Church, Malolos City Filipino 1969
Ang Bayan ng Kalumpit The Town of Calumpit Established in 1575 by Augustinians, became the first town in Bulacan. Calumpit Filipino December 27, 1975
Ang Bayan ng Obando The Town of Obando Former part of Meycauayan Obando Filipino May 19, 1973

Birthplace of General Gregorio H. del Pilar Site Site Katipunan general born in Cupang on November 14, 1875. Cupang, Bulakan Filipino 1948
Birthplace of Marcelo del Pilar Birthplace of the propagandist and colleague of Rizal. Cupang, Bulakan English 1939
Birthplace of Marcelo del Pilar Birthplace of the propagandist and colleague of Rizal. Cupang, Bulakan English 2012

Biyak na Bato Site Cave Where Katipuneros under Aguinaldo established the Republic of Biak na Bato. San Miguel Filipino December 14, 1973
Bulacan Military Area Site Military Camp Military camp aided in the battle of the Filipino guerrillas and USAFFE against the Japanese in WWII. Bustos Filipino August 2, 2012
Bulakan Church Building House of Worship The Town Church of Bulakan built by Augustinians in 1578 Bulakan Filipino 1956
Calumpit Church Building House of Worship The Town Church of Calumpit built by Augustinians in 1571 Calumpit Filipino 1956
Casa Real Building NHCP Museum Built in 1580 as Casa Tribunal,became Casa Real of Bulacan Province in 1901. Paseo del Congreso, Malolos City Filipino June 11, 1990
Church of Hagonoy Hagonoy English 1958
Church of Pandi Town founded in 1792. Pandi English
Church of Sta. Maria Building House of Worship Santa Maria English 1939
Dito Ipinanganak noong Ika-25 ng Marso, 1863 si Mariano Ponce Here Mariano Ponces was born March 25, 1863 Colleague of Rizal in propagating Filipino ideas in Europe. Baliwag Filipino 1951
Dr. Maximo Viola
(1857 - 1933)
Funded Rizal's Noli me Tangere. San Miguel Filipino October 17, 1962
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (1869-1964) Structure Monument First president of the Philippines. Calle Paseo del Congreso, Malolos City Filipino January 23, 2012
Felipe Buencamino, Ama Felipe Buencamino, Father San Miguel Filipino February 24, 1974

Francisco Santiago Wrote the first modern kundiman. Sta. Maria Filipino 1964
Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo 1914-1998 [10] Teacher, broadcaster, writer, and senator who fervently used Filipino in his literary works and even in his teaching Bulakan Filipino January 29, 2014

Guilermo E. Tolentino
(1890 - 1976)
Site House Birthplace of National Artist Guillermo E.Tolentino Calle Sabitan, Malolos City Filipino July 28, 2012
Heneral Isidoro D. Torres General Isidoro D. Torres Site Site Birthplace of Gen.Isidoro D. Torres born 1866 Matimbo, Malolos City Filipino September 15, 1956
Joaquin Gonzalez
(1853-1900)
Distinguished scientist in medicine. Baliuag Filipino September 21, 1982
Jose Cojuangco House Site House The Ancestral House of Chichioco-Cojuangco Family Calle Paseo del Congreso, Malolos City Filipino 2009
Jose Corazon de Jesus Famous poet. Sta. Maria Filipino 1964
Labanan sa Kakarong Battle of Kakarong Site Site More than 1,200 Katipuneros died in this historic battle. Pandi Filipino 1968
Labanan sa Quingua (Plaridel) Abril 23, 1899 Battle of Quingua (Plaridel) April 23, 1899 Site Site Major Battle of the Philippine–American War. Plaridel Filipino April 23, 1999
Labanan sa San Rafael Battle of San Rafael San Rafael Filipino 1997
Mababang Paaralan ng San Rafael San Rafael Elementary School Building School San Rafael 2008
Mabuhay ang mga Bayani Long Live the Heroes Place where a thousand men protested againgst the local Spanish government. Bustos Filipino 1960
Marcelo H. del Pilar Building NHCP Museum Where propagandist Marcelo H. del Pilar was born August 30, 1850. Bulakan English 1939, 1976
Church of Meycauayan Building House of Worship The Town Church of Meycauayan built by Franciscans in 1578 Meycauayan English 1940
Nicanor Abelardo at Sta. Ana
(1893 - 1934)
Nicanor Sta. Ana-Abelardo San Miguel Filipino June 20, 1963
Pook na Sinilangan ni Balagtas Balagtas Birthplace Site Site Birthplace of the national poet Francisco Balagtas. Balagtas, Bulakan (Bigaa) Filipino 1949
Pook ng Gobierno Militar de la Plaza Malolos, Bulacan Site of the Military Governor's Place in Malolos Building Private Company (Meralco Malolos Office) Office of General Isidoro Torres during the First Philippine Republic Calle Pariancillo, Malolos City Filipino 2008
Republica Filipina, 1898-1901 Philippine Republic, 1898-1901 Malolos City Spanish Sept. 25, 1947
Republika Pilipina
1898-1901
Philippine Republic

1898-1901

Convent where the Presidency of the Philippine Republic was established under Emilio Aguinaldo. Church of the Immaculate Conception, Malolos City Filipino, English, Spanish 1969
Simbahan ng Barasoain Church of Barasoain Building House of Worship, NHCP Museum Site of Malolos Congress 1898, Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic 1899, Site of Universidad Literaria de Filipina Barasoain Church Facade, Malolos Filipino, English 1940, 1969, September 21, 1977

Ang Simbahan ng Bulacan The Church of Bulacan Established by Agustinians from Tondo in 1575. Bulakan Filipino 2007

Simbahan ng Hagonoy Church of Hagonoy Building House of Worship First built by Augustinians. Hagonoy Filipino April 5, 1981
Simbahan ng Malolos Church of Malolos Where the Presidency of the Republic of the Philippines under Emilio Aguinaldo was established. Church of the Immaculate Conception site, Malolos City Filipino 1977

Simbahan ng Marilao Church of Marilao Marilao Filipino 1980

Simbahan ng Obando Obando Church Building House of Worship First built by Franciscans. Obando Church facade, Obando Filipino April 28, 1984

Simbahan ng Pandi Pandi Church Building House of Worship Pandi found in 1792. Pandi Church facade, Pandi English 1939
Simbahan ng Quingua (Plaridel, Bulacan) Church of Quingua Building House of Worship Established in the town by Augustinians 1602. Plaridel Filipino 1959

Simon Tecson (1861-1903) Revolutionary colonel from San Miguel. San Miguel Filipino 2009
Trinidad Tecson Revolutionary who became known as the "Mother of Biyak-na-Bato." San Miguel Filipino November 18, 1979

Nueva Ecija

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Central Luzon State University Founded as Muñoz School in 1907. Science City of Muñoz Filipino April 12, 2007
Church of Peñaranda Built in 1869. Peñaranda English 1951
Death Place of General Antonio Luna Formerly the presidential headquarters of the First Philippine Republic. San Nicolas de Tolentino Church, Cabanatuan City English February 3, 1966
Epifanio de los Santos Personage Statue Prince of Filipino Scholars, noted author, historian, and lawyer Epifanio de los Santos Monument, San Isidro Filipino April 6, 2015
Heneral Manuel Tinio
(1877 - 1924)
General Manuel Tinio (1877 - 1924) Revolutionary against both the Spanish and American wars. Aliaga Filipino 1977
Jose P. Bantug San Isidro Filipino May 14, 1983
Kuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Disyembre 10, 1899
Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
December 10, 1899
House where Apolinario Mabini was staying when he was captured by the Americans. Cuyapo Filipino 1964
Labanan sa San Isidro Battle of San Isidro San Isidro
Lazaro Francisco Personage Personage Prime novelist in the Filipino language. Lazaro Francisco Elementary School (West Cabanatuan Elementary School), Zulueta Road, Cabanatuan City Filipino 1990
Lungsod ng Kabanatuan City of Cabanatuan Town originally part of Gapan. Cabanatuan City Filipino July 14, 1966
Mamerto Natividad (1871-1897) Revolutionary in Central Luzon Cabiao Filipino 2007

Mariano Llanera (1855-1942) Leader of the revolutionary forces in Nueva Ecija Cabiao Filipino 2007

Paliparang Maniquis, P.A.A.C. Maniquis Airfield, P.A.A.C. Bangad, Cabanatuan City Filipino May 1, 1968
Pantabangan Dam Pantabangan Filipino September 10, 1974
Penyaranda Became a separate municipality, 1851 Peñaranda Filipino 1940
Pook Na Kinamatayan ni Doña Aurora Aragon Quezon Deathplace of Aurora Aragon Quezon Site Site Assassination site of Doña Aurora Aragon Quezon, Manuel Quezon's first lady, among others. Bongabon Filipino February 13, 1991
April 28, 2013 [rededicated after original plaque was found missing] [11]
Rancho Caridad Site Ranch Nampicuan Filipino, English June 15, 2013 [12]
San Isidro Became capital of Nueva Ecija from 1852 - 1912 and capital of the Philippines on March 29, 1899 by Emilio Aguinaldo. San Isidro Municipal Hall, San Isidro Filipino 1970

Pampanga

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Artillery Memorial Structure Memorial Housed the Philippine Army Artillery Training Center. Dau, Mabalacat City Filipino March 10, 1996
Augusto P. Hizon House San Fernando City
Aurelio V. Tolentino Playwright and novelist. Guagua Filipino October 13, 1987
Bacolor
(1576 - 1976)
Founded by Augustine Friars on 1576. Bacolor Filipino October
Ang Bahay na Sinilangan ni Pangulong Diosdado Macapagal House where President Diosdado Macapagal was Born Building House In this simple house was the place where the Fifth President of the Philippines was born. Barrio San Nicolas, Lubao Filipino 1952; February 20, 1990
Bahay ni Angel Pantaleon de Miranda House of Angel Pantaleon de Miranda Became a place of refuge for Aguinaldo's forces during the Filipino-American War 290 Calle Sto. Rosario, Angeles City Filipino December 7, 1986
Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.
"Ninoy"

(1923 - 1983)
The main opponent of Ferdinand Marcos Pampanga Provincial Capitol, San Fernando City Filipino 2009
Bienvenido M. Gonzalez (1893 - 1953) Distinguished scientist. Apalit Filipino December 30, 1982
Church of Apalit Building House of Worship Former church of brick destroyed by the Earthquake of 1863. Apalit Church facade, Apalit English 1939

Church of Lubao Building House of Worship Architect Fr. Antonio Herrera, Augustinian, constructed this church, 1614-1630. Lubao Church facade, Lubao English 1952

Church of Magalang Magalang English
Clark Field
(Fort Stotsenburg)
Structure Military Camp Historical military camp established by the Americans. Clark Field, Angeles City Filipino September 1, 2003
Death March
April 1942
Site Site One of the ghastliest forced marches in history. Apalit Filipino/English 1956
Death Place of Roxas Site Site Manuel Roxas, first President of the Republic of the Philippines, died here on April 15, 1948. Clark Field, Angeles City English 1955
Diosdado Macapagal
(1910 - 1997)
Ninth president of the Philippines. Pampanga Provincial Capitol, San Fernando City Filipino 2009
Diosdado P. Macapagal Fifth President of the Philippine Republic. Barrio San Nicolas, Lubao English
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University[13] Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, Bacolor Filipino 2014

Emilio Aguilar Cruz Writer, editor, diplomat, and artist. Magalang Town Plaza, Magalang Filipino August 7, 1992
Felipe Sonsong (1611-1686) Became part of Maniago revolt. Macabebe Filipino 2011

Guagua National Colleges Guagua National Colleges, Guagua Filipino February 24, 1993

Henson-Hizon House San Fernando City
Hizon-Singian House San Fernando City English 2003
Honorio Ventura
(1887 - 1940)
Pampanga Capitol Grounds, San Fernando City Filipino 2009
Jose Abad Santos
(1886 - 1942)
San Fernando City English
Juan Crisostomo Soto (Crissot) (1867-1918) Distinguished Pampango poet, dramatist, and newspaperman Bacolor English 1951, 2012

Himpilang Daang-bakal ng San Fernando San Fernando Railroad Station Structure Train Station Built in 1892 as part of the Manila-Dagupan railroad line. San Fernando City Filipino 2004
Ang Kabataang Pinuno ng Macabebe [14] The Young Warrior of Macabebe Monument In honor of the Brave Youth of Macabebe, who died in the Battle of Bangkusay Channel on June 3, 1571. Tarik Monument, Macabebe Municipal Building, Macabebe Filipino June 3, 2016
Labanan sa Macabebe [15] Battle of Macabebe Site of an Important Event Battle Site Macabebe Filipino 2013
Lalawigan ng Pampanga Province of Pampanga Became a very progressive province during the Spanish regime. Pampanga Provincial Capitol, San Fernando City Filipino December 11, 1982
Lazatin House San Fernando City English
Ang Mansyon ng mga Pamintuan The Mansion of the Pamintuans Building NHCP Museum Became the headquarters of the revolutionary army. Angeles City Filipino, English 2002

Maximino H. Hizon
(1870 - 1901)
General of the revolution. Pampanga Provincial Capitol, San Fernando City Filipino
Monico R. Mercado Co-sponsored the bill instituting the first irrigation systems in the Philippines. Sasmuan English 1966
Paciano Dizon y Santos Hailed by the US President as the first Filipino Deputy Insular Auditor. Porac Filipino June 30, 1982

Pampanga School of Arts and Trades (Formerly Escuale de Artes y Oficios de Bacolor) Founded 1861 Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, Bacolor English 1962 (buried by Lahar)
Renato D. Tayag Fought in Bataan. Angeles City Filipino October 9, 1986
Rufino J. Cardinal Santos (1908 - 1973) First Filipino cardinal. Rufino Cardinal Santos Catholic Center, Guagua Filipino 2008

Ang Simbahan ng Santa Ana[16] The Church of Santa Ana Became a garrison and torture place during World War II Santa Ana Filipino October 22, 2013

Simbahan ng Guagua Church of Guagua Guagua Filipino October 13, 1982

Unang Pamahalaang Sibil First Civil Government Where the Commission of the Philippines under William Howard Taft established the first civil government in Pampanga, now celebrated as "Pampanga Day" on its anniversary on February 13. Bacolor Filipino February 13, 1978
Vicente S. Manansala Famous painter and muralist. Macabebe Town Hall, Macabebe Filipino August 22, 1985

Vicente S. Manansala (1910–1981) Building House Monument to the painter and muralist. Holy Angel University, Angeles City Filipino January 22, 1984
Zoilo J. Hilario y Sangalang
(1892 - 1963)
Poet and jurist. Pampanga Provincial Capitol, San Fernando City Filipino 1941

Tarlac

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Ang Bahay ni Makabulos The House of Makabulos House of General Francisco Makabulos La Paz Filipino January 23, 1972

Capas Concentration Camp Site Memorial In this camp, 40,000 Filipino soldiers and 9,000 American soldiers were imprisoned who experienced the Death March. Barangay O’Donnell, Capas Filipino 2002
Carlos P. Romulo
(1899 - 1985)
Famous diplomat, educator, writer, and journalist. Camiling Town Plaza, Camiling Filipino September 25, 1987
Corazon C. Aquino (1933 - 2009) Eleventh and first woman president of the Philippines. Tarlac City Filipino 2010

Death March
April 1942 [17]
Railroad station were WWII prisoners of war were brought by the Japanese. Capas Filipino, English 1967
Francisco Makabulos (1871 - 1922) Revolutionary general and writer. Tarlac Provincial Capitol, Tarlac City Filipino 2004

Jorge C. Bocobo Gerona Filipino October 18, 1983
Jose Rizal (1861 - 1896)
Tarlak, Tarlak
Where Rizal stayed in Tarlac. Tarlac Town Plaza, Tarlac City July 2, 1960 2013
Kabisera ng Republika ng Pilipinas Tarlac, Tarlac[18] Capital of the Republic of the Philippine Tarlac, Tarlac Became the office of the President during the Filipino-American War. Tarlac City Filipino 2014
Ang Tahanan ng Pamilyang Aquino Aquino Family House Building House Three generations of the Aquinos lived here. Concepcion Filipino 2011
Tarlac Province established in 1686, one of the first eight provinces which revolted against Spain. Tarlac City Filipino July 21, 1975

Zambales

Marker title English Translation Category Type Description Location Language Date Issued Image
Castillejos Originally the Pueblo de Uguic in 1743. Castillejos English 1955
City of Olongapo Subic Bay, Zambales became a U.S. naval station on 1901. Olongapo City English 1966
Himpilang Pandagat ng Look ng Subic [19] Subic Bay Naval Station Structure Military Structure A trading center from the Spanish era. Old Spanish Gate, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Olongapo City Filipino November 26, 2013
Iba Founded 1611, birthplace of former president Ramon Magsaysay. Iba English 1956

Provincial Building of Zambales First constructed by the Spanish Civil Government from 1875-1878 Iba English

Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957) One of the most beloved Philippine presidents. Iba Filipino March 17, 1989

San Antonio (Pamisaroan) Explored and settled by 1830. San Antonio English 1950
Tahanan ng mga Magsaysay House of the Magsaysays Building House, NHCP Museum House of Ramon Magsaysay, seventh President of the Philippines. Castillejos Filipino 2002
Teodoro R. Yangco (1861 - 1939) [20] Philanthropist and businessman, became president of Young Men's Christian Organization. San Antonio Town Plaza, San Antonio Filipino 2005

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/the-democracy-memorial-site-in-hermosa-bataan/ The Democracy Memorial Site in Hermosa, Bataan
  2. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/the-cabcaben-world-war-ii-memorial-site-in-mariveles-bataan/ The Cabcaben World War II Memorial Site in Mariveles, Bataan
  3. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/abucay-bataan-in-the-time-of-war/ Abucay, Bataan: In The Time of War
  4. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/the-cathedral-of-saint-joseph-in-balanga-city-bataan/ The Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Balanga City, Bataan
  5. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/the-church-of-st-michael-the-archangel-in-orion-bataan/ The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Orion, Bataan
  6. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/april-9-1942-the-fall-of-bataan/ April 9, 1942: The Fall of Bataan
  7. https://www.facebook.com/angkomisyonsawikangfilipino/photos/a.134564076714699.1073741827.133881110116329/402703103234127/?type=1&theater
  8. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/km-00-bataan-death-march-in-mariveles/ KM 00 Bataan Death March in Mariveles
  9. http://harrybalais.com/2013/03/provincial-capitol-bataan/ Provincial Capitol: Bataan
  10. http://nhcp.gov.ph/%EF%BB%BFnhcp-unveils-the-francisco-soc-rodrigo-historical-marker/ NHCP UNVEILS THE FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO HISTORICAL MARKER
  11. http://www.gov.ph/2013/04/27/national-historical-commission-to-unveil-hist-marker-dedicated-to-aurora-quezon/
  12. http://shootingthebreezebywanderlust.blogspot.com/2013/06/rancho-caridad-historical-marker.html Rancho Caridad Historical Marker Program, June 15, 2013
  13. http://nhcp.gov.ph/unveiling-the-historical-marker-of-don-honorio-ventura-technological-state-university/ UNVEILING THE HISTORICAL MARKER OF DON HONORIO VENTURA TECHNOLOGICAL STATE UNIVERSITY.
  14. http://nhcp.gov.ph/nhcp-unveils-ang-kabataang-pinuno-ng-macabebe-historical-marker-2/ NHCP UNVEILS THE “ANG KABATAANG PINUNO NG MACABEBE” HISTORICAL MARKER
  15. http://www.headlinegl.com/battle-of-macabebe-marker-unveiled/ ‘Battle of Macabebe’ marker unveiled
  16. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205898386123113&set=oa.840216349370229&type=1&theater
  17. http://gradendcruz.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-bataan-death-march-trail.html The Bataan Death March Trail
  18. http://nhcp.gov.ph/tarlac-kabisera-july-14-2014/
  19. http://subicbaynews.net/?p=7209 Subic Bay Historical Marker
  20. http://harrybalais.com/2013/02/the-legacy-of-don-teodoro-r-yangco/ The Legacy of Don Teodoro R. Yangco

Bibliography

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