List of female Fellows of the Royal Society

Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".[1] Election to the Fellowship is highly regarded and sought after, bringing prestige to both the individual academically and the institution the Fellow is associated with.[2] For scientists in the United Kingdom, the recognition is considered second only to being awarded the Nobel Prize.[3]

While there was no explicit prohibition of women as Fellows of the Royal Society in its original charters and statutes, election to the Fellowships was for much of the Society's history de facto closed to women. As a result of the dissolution of nunneries in connection with the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and female exclusion from schools and universities, the formal education of British girls and women was effectively non-existent throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Women slowly gained admittance to learned societies in the UK starting in the 19th century, with the founding of the Zoological Society of London in 1829 and the Royal Entomological Society in 1833, both of which admitted women Fellows from their inception.[4][5]

The first recorded question of women being admitted to the Royal Society occurred in 1900, when Marian Farquharson, the first female Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, sent a letter to the Council of the Royal Society petitioning that "duly qualified women should have the advantage of full fellowship". In its reply, the Council stated that the question of women Fellows "must depend on the interpretation to be placed upon the Royal Charters under which the Society has been governed for more than three hundred years".[4] When Hertha Ayrton was nominated for Fellowship in 1902, her candidature was turned down on the basis that as a married woman she had no standing in law.[6] The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 made it illegal for an incorporated society to refuse admission on the grounds of an individual's sex or marital status. While the Society acknowledged the provision of section 1 of the Act in 1925, in reply to a question originally put to them by the Women's Engineering Society three years prior, it was not until 1943 that another woman was nominated for Fellowship. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson were duly elected in 1945, after a postal vote amending the Society's statutes to explicitly allow women Fellows.[4][5]

As of 2014, a total of 133 women have been elected Fellows. Two women have been elected under the Society's former Statute 12 regulation and one Honorary Fellow for their service to the cause of science. Another four women, from the British Royal Family, have been either Royal Fellows or Patrons of the Society. Of the approximately 1,600 living Fellows and Foreign Members, 5 percent are women.[7]

Fellows

List of female Fellows
Year of election Image Fellow Field(s) Notes Ref.
1945 Lonsdale, KathleenKathleen Lonsdale Crystallography Awarded the Davy Medal in 1957 [8][9]
Stephenson, MarjoryMarjory Stephenson Biochemistry, microbiology [10][11]
1946 Arber, AgnesAgnes Arber Botany [12][13]
1947 Cartwright, MaryMary Cartwright Mathematics Awarded the Sylvester Medal in 1964 [14][15]
Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin Biochemistry Awarded the Royal Medal in 1956, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964, and the Copley Medal in 1976; delivered the Tercentenary Lecture in 1960 and the Bakerian Lecture in 1972 [16][17]
Robertson, MurielMuriel Robertson Protozoology, bacteriology [18][19]
1948 Manton, SidnieSidnie Manton Entomology Her sister Irene Manton was elected FRS in 1961. [20][21]
Needham, DorothyDorothy Needham Biochemistry [22][23]
1952 Fell, HonorHonor Fell Zoology [24][25]
Vogt, MartheMarthe Vogt Neurology Awarded the Royal Medal in 1981 [26][27]
1954 Pitt-Rivers, RosalindRosalind Pitt-Rivers Biochemistry [28][29]
1956 Porter, HelenHelen Porter Plant physiology [30][31]
1957 Auerbach, CharlotteCharlotte Auerbach Zoology, genetics Awarded the Darwin Medal in 1976 [32][33]
1958 Bülbring, EdithEdith Bülbring Pharmacology [34][35]
1959 Bishop, AnnAnn Bishop Protozoology, parasitology [36][37]
Tait, SylviaSylvia Tait Endocrinology [38][39]
1961 Manton, IreneIrene Manton Botany Sister of Sidnie Manton (elected FRS 1948) [40][41]
1963 Marshall, SheinaSheina Marshall Marine biology [42][43]
1964 Burbidge, Eleanor MargaretEleanor Margaret Burbidge Astrophysics [44]
1965 Hill, DorothyDorothy Hill Geology [45]
1966 Pickford, Lillian MaryLillian Mary Pickford Endocrinology [46]
1967 Hanson, Emmeline JeanEmmeline Jean Hanson Biophysics [47][48]
1969 Watkins, WinifredWinifred Watkins Biochemistry Awarded the Royal Medal in 1988 [49][50]
1971 Rees, Florence GwendolenFlorence Gwendolen Rees Zoology, parasitology [51][52]
1972 Parke, MaryMary Parke Phycology [53][54]
Sanger, RuthRuth Sanger Hematology, serology [55][56]
1973 Askonas, BrigitteBrigitte Askonas Immunology [57]
Lyon, MaryMary Lyon Genetics Awarded the Royal Medal in 1984 [58]
1975 McLaren, AnneAnne McLaren Developmental biology, genetics Foreign Secretary and Vice-President of the Royal Society 1991–96, and awarded the Royal Medal in 1990 [59]
1976 Clarke, PatriciaPatricia Clarke Biochemistry Delivered the Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1979 [60]
Widdowson, ElsieElsie Widdowson Nutrition [61][62]
1977 Muir, HelenHelen Muir Rheumatology [63]
1979 Milner, BrendaBrenda Milner Neuropsychology Delivered the Humphry Davy Lecture in 1989 [64]
Tutin, WinifredWinifred Tutin Botany [65]
Vaughan, JanetJanet Vaughan Physiology [66][67]
Watson, JanetJanet Watson Geology [68][69]
1982 Murray, NoreenNoreen Murray Molecular genetics Vice-President of the Royal Society 2002–04, and awarded the Gabor Medal in 1989 [70]
1985 Datta, NaomiNaomi Datta Genetics [71]
Rothschild, MiriamMiriam Rothschild Entomology, botany [72][73]
Warner, AnneAnne Warner Developmental biology [74]
1986 Thomas, JeanJean Thomas Biochemistry Biological Secretary and Vice-President of the Royal Society 2008–present [75]
Warrington, ElizabethElizabeth Warrington Neuropsychology [76]
1987 Kennard, OlgaOlga Kennard Crystallography [77]
1988 Pearse, BarbaraBarbara Pearse Molecular biology [78]
1989 Treisman, AnneAnne Treisman Psychology [79]
1990 Johnson, LouiseLouise Johnson Biochemistry, crystallography [80]
Jordan, CaroleCarole Jordan Astronomy [81]
1991 MacRobbie, EnidEnid MacRobbie Biophysics [82]
1992 Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn Molecular biology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 [83]
Cory, SuzanneSuzanne Cory Genetics Awarded the Royal Medal in 2002 [84]
1993 Jacobs, PatriciaPatricia Jacobs Genetics [85]
1994 McDuff, DusaDusa McDuff Mathematics [86]
1995 Higgins, JuliaJulia Higgins Polymer science Foreign Secretary and Vice-President of the Royal Society 2001–06, delivered the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2005 and the Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lecture in 2007 [87]
Tilghman, ShirleyShirley Tilghman Molecular biology [88]
1996 Anderson, JanJan Anderson Biology [89]
Edwards, DianneDianne Edwards Paleobotany [90]
Partridge, LindaLinda Partridge Genetics, biogerontology Delivered the Croonian Lecture in 2009 [91]
1997 Marrack, PhilippaPhilippa Marrack Immunology Awarded the Wellcome Foundation Prize in 1990 [92]
1998 Beggs, JeanJean Beggs Genetics Awarded the Gabor Medal in 2003 [93]
Tickle, CheryllCheryll Tickle Developmental biology [94]
1999 Ashcroft, FrancesFrances Ashcroft Genetics, physiology [95]
Beddington, RosaRosa Beddington Developmental biology [96][97]
Casselton, LornaLorna Casselton Genetics Foreign Secretary and Vice-President of the Royal Society 2006–11, delivered the Rutherford Memorial Lecture in 2008 and the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2009 [98]
Donald, AtheneAthene Donald Physics Delivered the Bakerian Lecture in 2006 [99]
Thornton, JanetJanet Thornton Bioinformatics [100]
2000 Rossant, JanetJanet Rossant Developmental biology [101]
Simpson, PatriciaPatricia Simpson Developmental biology [102]
2001 Hogan, BrigidBrigid Hogan Developmental biology [103]
Kirwan, FrancesFrances Kirwan Mathematics [104]
Sherlock, SheilaSheila Sherlock Medicine [105][106]
2002 Dell, AnneAnne Dell Biochemistry [107]
Howard, JudithJudith Howard Chemistry, crystallography [108]
Mace, GeorginaGeorgina Mace Conservation biology, ecology [109]
Rees, SusanSusan Rees Mathematics [110]
2003 Bell Burnell, JocelynJocelyn Bell Burnell Astrophysics Awarded the Michael Faraday Prize in 2010 [111]
Bienz, MariannMariann Bienz Molecular biology [112]
Davies, KayKay Davies Genetics [113]
Dodson, EleanorEleanor Dodson Biochemistry [114]
Dowling, AnnAnn Dowling Mechanical engineering [115]
Ogilvie, BridgetBridget Ogilvie Parasitology [116]
Robertson, ElizabethElizabeth Robertson Cell biology [117]
Vousden, KarenKaren Vousden Molecular biology [118]
Watt, FionaFiona Watt Molecular biology [119]
2004 Dean, CarolineCaroline Dean Botany [120]
Gladden, LynnLynn Gladden Chemical engineering Awarded the Bakerian Lecture for 2014 [121]
Robinson, CarolCarol Robinson Chemistry Awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2004, and the Davy Medal in 2010 [122]
Rothwell, NancyNancy Rothwell Biology [123]
2005 Charlesworth, DeborahDeborah Charlesworth Evolutionary biology [124]
Frith, UtaUta Frith Developmental psychology [125]
2006 Beral, ValerieValerie Beral Epidemiology [126]
Lynden-Bell, RuthRuth Lynden-Bell Computational chemistry [127]
Mackay, TrudyTrudy Mackay Genetics [128]
Saibil, HelenHelen Saibil Molecular biology [129]
2007 Bates, GillianGillian Bates Biology Delivered the GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture in 1998 [130]
Grant, Barbara RosemaryBarbara Rosemary Grant Evolutionary biology Awarded the Darwin Medal in 2002 [131]
Leyser, OttolineOttoline Leyser Botany Awarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2007 [132]
Rhodes, DanielaDaniela Rhodes Molecular biology [133]
van Heyningen, VeronicaVeronica van Heyningen Genetics [134]
2008 O'Garra, AnneAnne O'Garra Immunology [135]
Tillmann, UlrikeUlrike Tillmann Mathematics [136]
2009 Clack, JenniferJennifer Clack Paleontology, evolutionary biology [137]
Hall, WendyWendy Hall Computer science [138]
Holt, ChristineChristine Holt Developmental neuroscience [139]
McLean, AngelaAngela McLean Mathematical biology Awarded the Gabor Medal in 2011 [140]
Steel, KarenKaren Steel Biology [141]
2010 Brand, AndreaAndrea Brand Molecular biology [142]
Campbell, EleanorEleanor Campbell Physical chemistry [143]
Clayton, NicolaNicola Clayton Comparative cognition [144]
Kaspi, VictoriaVictoria Kaspi Astrophysics Delivered the UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture in 2010 [145]
Simpson, ElizabethElizabeth Simpson Biology [146]
2011 Cantrell, DoreenDoreen Cantrell Immunology [147]
Grey, ClareClare Grey Chemistry Kavli Medal and Lecture in 2011 [148]
Hemingway, JanetJanet Hemingway Tropical medicine [149]
Powrie, FionaFiona Powrie Gastroenterology [150]
Vincent, AngelaAngela Vincent Biology [151]
2012 Dougherty, MicheleMichele Dougherty Astrophysics [152]
Robinson, MargaretMargaret Robinson Molecular biology, cell biology [153]
2013 Armitage, JudithJudith Armitage Biochemistry [154]
Griffiths, GillianGillian Griffiths Cell biology, immunology [155]
Haigh, JoannaJoanna Haigh Atmospheric physics [156]
Heard, EdithEdith Heard Epigenetics [157]
Mills, AnneAnne Mills Health economics [158]
Spillantini, Maria GraziaMaria Grazia Spillantini Neurology [159]
Stockinger, BrigittaBrigitta Stockinger Immunology [160]
Wilson, SophieSophie Wilson Computer architecture [161]
Yeomans, JuliaJulia Yeomans Physics [162]
2014 Bishop, DorothyDorothy Bishop Psychology [163]
Davies, SallySally Davies Medicine [164]
Dawkins, MarianMarian Dawkins Zoology [165]
Fisher, AmandaAmanda Fisher Biology [166]
Nelson, JennyJenny Nelson Physics [167]
Patterson, KaralynKaralyn Patterson Neuroscience [168]
Radford, SheenaSheena Radford Biophysics [169]
2015 Clarke, JaneJane Clarke Biophysics [170]
Cutler, AnneAnne Cutler Psycholinguistics [171]
Dolphin, AnnetteAnnette Dolphin Pharmacology [172]
Elsworth, YvonneYvonne Elsworth Helioseismology [173]
Etheridge, AlisonAlison Etheridge Probability [174]
Langdale, Jane A.Jane A. Langdale Plant development [175]
Slingo, JuliaJulia Slingo Meteorology [176]
Strynadka, NatalieNatalie Strynadka Biochemistry [177]
2016 Bayvel, PolinaPolina Bayvel Optical communication [178]
Cashman, KatharineKatharine Cashman Volcanology [179]
Cleaveland, SarahSarah Cleaveland Epidemiology [180]
Donnelly, ChristlChristl Donnelly Epidemiology [181]
Fitzgerald, MariaMaria Fitzgerald Neuroscience [182]
Gai, PratibhaPratibha Gai Microscopy [183]
Glover, AnneAnne Glover Biology [184]
Ion, SueSue Ion Nuclear power [185]
Kumacheva, EugeniaEugenia Kumacheva Chemistry [186]
Le Quéré, CorinneCorinne Le Quéré Climate change [187]
Maguire, EleanorEleanor Maguire Neuroscience [188]
Series, CarolineCaroline Series Mathematics [189]
Smith, AlisonAlison Smith Plant biochemistry [190]

Foreign Members

List of female Foreign Members
Year of election Image Member Field(s) Notes Ref.
1955 Meitner, LiseLise Meitner Nuclear physics [191]
1969 Lehmann, IngeInge Lehmann Seismology [192]
1989 Le Douarin, NicoleNicole Le Douarin Developmental biology Delivered the Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lecture in 1987 [193]
McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock Cytogenetics Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 [194]
1990 Nusslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nusslein-Volhard Genetics, embryology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 [195]
1995 Elion, GertrudeGertrude Elion Biochemistry, pharmacology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 [196]
Gluecksohn-Waelsch, SalomeSalome Gluecksohn-Waelsch Genetics [197]
Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini Neurology Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 [198]
2001 Franzini-Armstrong, ClaraClara Franzini-Armstrong Developmental biology [199]
2004 Lubchenco, JaneJane Lubchenco Marine biology Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere of the United States 2010–present [200]
2005 Cesarsky, CatherineCatherine Cesarsky Astronomy [201]
2008 Hohn, BarbaraBarbara Hohn Molecular biology [202]
Solomon, SusanSusan Solomon Atmospheric chemistry [203]
2010 Cossart, PascalePascale Cossart Bacteriology [204]
2011 Chory, JoanneJoanne Chory Molecular biology, Cell biology [205]
Shatz, CarlaCarla Shatz Neuroscience [206]
2012 Bassler, BonnieBonnie Bassler Molecular biology [207]
2013 Buckingham, MargaretMargaret Buckingham Developmental biology [208]
2014 Steitz, JoanJoan Steitz Molecular biology [209]
2015 Buck, LindaLinda Buck Olfactory system [210]
Lindquist, SusanSusan Lindquist Molecular biology [211]
Martin, GailGail Martin Developmental Biology [212]
2016 Doudna , JenniferJennifer Doudna Biochemistry [213]
Williams, EllenEllen Williams Nanotechnology [214]

Honorary and Statute 12 Fellows

Between 1903 and 1996, Statute 12 of the Society permitted the Council to elect someone who would not otherwise qualify for election under the normal criteria for "conspicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society". Statute 12 Fellows were replaced by the introduction of Honorary Fellows in 1997.[215]

List of female Honorary and Statute 12 Fellows
Year of election Image Fellow Field(s) Notes Ref.
1983 Thatcher, MargaretMargaret Thatcher Politics Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979–90 [216]
1988 Gowing, MargaretMargaret Gowing History of science Delivered the Wilkins Lecture in 1976 [217]
2007 O'Neill, OnoraOnora O'Neill Philosophy, politics [218]
2015 Jardine, LisaLisa Jardine History [219]

Royal Fellows and Patrons

Throughout its history, the Royal Society has elected a number of individuals to its Fellowship by virtue of their being a member of the nobility.[220] Such elections were restricted first in 1874 to princes and members of the Privy Council, and subsequently in 1903 to princes of the British Royal Family only.[215][221] This has since been relaxed to allow the election of any member of the British Royal Family.[222] Those elected by virtue of their royal blood or marriage are known as Royal Fellows.[223] From the beginning of the practice of British royal patronage in the 18th century,[224] the reigning monarch of Great Britain (and since 1801 that of the United Kingdom), starting with George I,[225] has always served as patron of the Society.

List of female Royal Fellows and Patrons
Year of election Image Fellow / Patron Notes Ref.
1838 Queen Victoria Never elected as a Royal Fellow, instead served as Patron of the Society after her reign began as Queen of the United Kingdom and later Empress of India [226]
1947 Queen Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, and patron from 1952 [227]
1956 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Queen consort of George VI [227]
1987 Princess Anne Princess Royal [228]

See also

References

General
Specific
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  2. ↑ Ho, Peng Yoke (2005). Reminiscence of a roving scholar : science, humanities, and Joseph Needham. New Jersey: World Scientific Pub. Co. p. 168. ISBN 9789812565884.
  3. ↑ "Double Royal Society success". Cardiff University. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 Mason, J. (1 January 1995). "The Women Fellows' Jubilee". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. pp. 125–140. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1995.0009.
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  52. ↑ J. Gareth Morris (2004). "Rees, (Florence) Gwendolen (1906–1994)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55333. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
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