List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China

Not to be confused with List of Presidents of the Republic of China or List of premiers of the People's Republic of China.

To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the Eastern order convention (family name first, personal name second) for consistency.

This is a list of the Presidents and other heads of state of the People's Republic of China.

The office, called 国家主席 (Guójiā Zhǔxí) in Chinese, was created in 1954 when the 1st Constitution consolidated the system of government in the People's Republic of China. At the time, the title was translated into English as State Chairman. The position was abolished between 1975 and 1982 with the functions of head of state being performed by the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The presidency was revived under the fourth constitution in 1982.

List

Generations of leadership

First Administration Second Administration Third Administration Hu–Wen Administration Xi–Li Administration

Central People's Government (1949–1954)

Chairman of the Central People's Government

Portrait		Name (Lifespan)		Term of office		Vice Chairmen	Paramount leader
–		Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976)		1 October 1949	27 September 1954	Zhu De Liu Shaoqi Soong Ching-ling Li Jishen Zhang Lan Gao Gang	Himself

The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)

Chairman of the People's Republic of China

Portrait	Name (Lifespan) Constituency	Term of office		NPC	Vice Chairmen	Paramount leader
1	Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976) Beijing At-large	27 September 1954	27 April 1959	I	Zhu De	Mao Zedong
2	Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898–1969) Beijing At-large	27 April 1959	3 January 1965	II	Soong Ching-ling Dong Biwu
2	Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898–1969) Beijing At-large	2 January 1965^[1]	31 October 1968^[2]	III	Soong Ching-ling Dong Biwu
–	Dong Biwu 董必武 (1886–1975) Hubei At-large	24 February 1972	17 January 1975	III	Vacancy by ascension

The 2nd and 3rd Constitution (1975–1982)

Further information: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Portrait	Name (Lifespan) Constituency	Term of office		NPC	Vice Chairmen	Paramount leader
–	Zhu De 朱德 (1886–1976) Sichuan At-large	17 January 1975	6 July 1976	IV	Soong Ching-ling^[3] Dong Biwu^[3] (died 2 April 1975) and others	Mao Zedong
–	Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large	6 July 1976	5 March 1978	IV		Hua Guofeng
–	Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large	After Zhu De's death, Soong Ching-ling served as acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the remainder of the 4th National People's Congress's term.She is a member of Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang.
–	Ye Jianying 叶剑英 (1897–1986) PLA	5 March 1978	18 June 1983	V	Soong Ching-ling and others	Deng Xiaoping

Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death) Constituency	Term of office		NPC	Notes
–		Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large	16 May 1981	28 May 1981	V	Shortly before her death, Soong Ching-ling,a member of Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang was named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China.

The 4th Constitution (1983–present)

President of the People's Republic of China

Portrait	Name (Lifespan) Constituency	Term of office		NPC - (Election)	Vice President	Paramount leader
3	Li Xiannian 李先念 (1909–1992) Hubei At-large	18 June 1983	8 April 1988	VI - (62.5%)	Ulanhu	Deng Xiaoping
3	Li Xiannian 李先念 (1909–1992) Hubei At-large	He started reforms in foreign policy and China began opening to the world. He was first Chinese president who visited USA. He was also the first state president who officially visited North Korea. In 1984, Li met with US President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic of China and was replaced by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC.^[4]
4	Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 (1907–1998) PLA	9 April 1988	27 March 1993	VII - (66.8%)	Wang Zhen	Deng Xiaoping
4	Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 (1907–1998) PLA	Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization, a position which Deng Xiaoping eventually came to identify with. Yang reached the height of his political career after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire.
5	Jiang Zemin 江泽民 (born 1926) Shanghai At-large	27 March 1993	15 March 1998	VIII - (68.4%)	Rong Yiren	Himself
		15 March 1998	15 March 2003	IX - (71.5%)	Hu Jintao	Himself
		Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.^[5] Served as Mayor of Shanghai (1985–1989), Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China (1990–2005)
6	Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 (born 1942) Tibet At-large (until 2008) Jiangsu At-large (from 2008)	15 March 2003	15 March 2008	X - (72.9%)	Zeng Qinghong	Himself
		15 March 2008	14 March 2013	XI - (70.27%)	Xi Jinping	Himself
		During his term in office, Hu reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms.^[6] Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Socialist Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict.^[7] In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.^[8] Served as Vice President (1998–2003)
7	Xi Jinping 习近平 (born 1953) Shanghai At-large	14 March 2013	Incumbent	XII - (72.21%)	Li Yuanchao	Himself
7	Xi Jinping 习近平 (born 1953) Shanghai At-large	Served as Vice President (2008–2013).

Living Former Presidents

As of December 2016, there are two living former presidents:

President	Term of office	Date of birth
Jiang Zemin	1993–2003	(1926-08-17) August 17, 1926
Hu Jintao	2003–2013	(1942-12-21) December 21, 1942

References

↑ "National People's Congress Notice 1". People's Daily. 3 January 1965. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
↑ "Communique of the expanded 12th plenary session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China". People's Daily Online. 3 January 1965. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
1 2 Sheng Yonghua [盛永華] (2006). Chronological Biography of Soong Ching-ling, 1893-1981 [宋慶齡年譜 1893-1981], in Chinese. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Publishing [廣東人民出版社]. pp. 2:1799. ISBN 7218052649.
↑ Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
↑ Tomoyuki Kojima. China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001
↑ Luard, Tim (11 January 2005). "BBC:China's Leader shows his stripes. 11 January 2005". BBC News. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
↑ "Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: Hu's Political Philosophies" (PDF). Esnips.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
↑ World Savvy Monitor: China and the World - A foreign policy overview

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