Shiitake

Shiitake
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Marasmiaceae
Genus:	Lentinula
Species:	L. edodes
Binomial name
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (1976)

Lentinula edodes
Mycological characteristics
	gills on hymenium
	cap is convex
	hymenium is free
	stipe is bare
	spore print is white to buff
	ecology is saprotrophic
	edibility: choice

The shiitake ( listen  Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine.^[1]

Taxonomy and naming

The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877.^[2] It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976.^[3] The fungus has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history:^[4]

• Agaricus edodes Berk. (1878)
• Armillaria edodes (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
• Mastoleucomyces edodes (Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
• Cortinellus edodes (Berk.) S.Ito & S.Imai (1938)
• Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer (1941)
• Collybia shiitake J.Schröt. (1886)
• Lepiota shiitake (J.Schröt.) Nobuj. Tanaka (1889)
• Cortinellus shiitake (J.Schröt.) Henn. (1899)
• Tricholoma shiitake (J.Schröt.) Lloyd (1918)
• Lentinus shiitake (J.Schröt.) Singer (1936)
• Lentinus tonkinensis Pat. (1890)
• Lentinus mellianus Lohwag (1918)

The mushroom's Japanese name shiitake (椎茸) is composed of shii (椎, shī, Castanopsis), for the tree Castanopsis cuspidata that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated, and take (茸, "mushroom").^[5] The specific epithet edodes is the Latin word for "edible".^[6]

It is also commonly called "sawtooth oak mushroom", "black forest mushroom", "black mushroom", "golden oak mushroom", or "oakwood mushroom".^[7]

Habitat and distribution

Shiitake grow in groups on the decaying wood of deciduous trees, particularly shii, chestnut, oak, maple, beech, sweetgum, poplar, hornbeam, ironwood, mulberry, and chinquapin (Castanopsis spp.). Its natural distribution includes warm and moist climates in southeast Asia.^[5]

Cultivation history

The earliest written record of shiitake cultivation is seen in the Records of Longquan County (龍泉縣志) compiled by He Zhan (何澹) in 1209 during the Southern Song dynasty. The 185-word description of shiitake cultivation from that literature was later crossed-referenced many times and eventually adapted in a book by a Japanese horticulturist Satō Chūryō (佐藤中陵) in 1796, the first book on shiitake cultivation in Japan.^[8]

The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores. Before 1982, the Japan Islands' variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods. A 1982 report on the budding and growth of the Japanese variety revealed opportunities for commercial cultivation in the United States.^[9]

Shiitake are now widely cultivated all over the world, and contribute about 25% of total yearly production of mushrooms.^[10] Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak.^[9][10][11]

Culinary

Nutrition

In a 100 gram amount, raw shiitake mushrooms provide 34 calories and are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein and less than 1% fat (table for raw mushrooms). Raw shiitake mushrooms are rich sources (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of B vitamins and contain moderate levels of some dietary minerals (table). When dried to about 10% water, the contents of numerous nutrients increase substantially (table for 100 gram amounts of dried shiitake mushrooms).

Like all mushrooms, shiitakes produce vitamin D2 upon exposure of their internal ergosterol to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight or broadband UVB fluorescent tubes.^[12][13]

Uses

Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in the cuisines of East Asia. In Japan, they are served in miso soup, used as the basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi, and as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. In Chinese cuisine, they are often sautéed in vegetarian dishes such as Buddha's delight.

One type of high-grade shiitake is called donko (冬菇) in Japanese^[14] and dōnggū in Chinese, literally "winter mushroom". Another high-grade of mushroom is called huāgū (花菇) in Chinese, literally "flower mushroom", which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface. Both of these are produced at lower temperatures.

Research

Health effects

Basic research is ongoing to assess whether consumption of shiitake mushrooms affects disease properties,^[15][16][17] although no effect has been proven with sufficient human research to date.^[18]

Shiitake dermatitis

Rarely, consumption of raw or slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms may cause an allergic reaction called "shiitake dermatitis", including an erythematous, micro-papular, streaky pruriginous rash that occurs all over the body including face and scalp, appearing about 24 hours after consumption, possibly worsening by sun exposure and disappearing after 3 to 21 days.^[19] This effect – presumably caused by the polysaccharide, lentinan^[19] – is more common in Asia^[20] but may be growing in occurrence in Europe as shiitake consumption increases.^[19] Thorough cooking may eliminate the allergenicity.^[21]

Other uses

There is research investigating the use of shiitake mushrooms in production of organic fertilizer and compost from hardwood.^[10][11]

Gallery

• 
  Shiitake growing wild in Hokkaido
• 
  Japanese ekiben shiitake-meshi (-飯)
• 
  Lentinan, a beta-glucan isolated from the shiitake mushroom

References

Cited literature

• Stamets, P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms (3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-175-4. 

Further reading

Books

• Shen, J. et al. "An Evidence-based Perspective of Lentinus Edodes (Shiitake Mushroom) for Cancer Patients" (pp. 303–317), in: Evidence-based Anticancer Materia Medica (editor: William C. S. Cho). 2011. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-0525-8
• Tsuji, Shizuo (1980). Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art. New York: Kodansha International/USA.

Journal articles

• Lindequist, U.; Niedermeyer, T.H.J.; Jülich, W.D. (2005). "The pharmacological potential of mushrooms". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2 (3): 285–99. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh107. PMC 1193547. PMID 16136207. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shiitake.

• Lentinula edodes in Index Fungorum
• Dried shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms as good sources of nutrients