Kurda

Kurda, was an ancient Semetic Amorite kingdom located in Northern Mesopotamia. The city is mentioned in the Archives of Mari, and was a vassal of Babylon.

Location

At its height the kingdom might have stretched from the Upper Khabur basin in what is today north-eastern Syria, to the steppes of Sinjar mountain, modern north-western Iraq.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The capital city's location is debated; it was either located to south of Sinjar mountain, or along the Khabur river.[2]

Population and history

Political situation in 1764 BC.

The city was the Amorite Numha tribe's center,[8][9] it controlled a small area and included the nearby city of Kasapa.[10] The east Semitic deity Nergal was Kurda's chief god.[11][12]

In the 18th century BC, Kurda was involved in a military dispute with the neighboring kingdom of Andarig, which ended in peace.[13] However, Kurda was later subdued by Andarig and its master, the king of Elam.[14] The kingdom tried switching its loyalty to Babylon but was stopped by the Elamites who were defeated by a Babylonian-Mariote alliance in 1764 BC,[14] giving Kurda the chance to form an alliance with the kingdom of Apum to face Andarig.[15] Kurda annexed the city of Ashihum,[16] then became a vassal of Babylon,[17] and ended its relation with Mari in response to the latter role in supporting Andarig.[18]

Rulers

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Mario Liverani, Routledge, Dec 4, 2013, 648 pages, see page 226
  2. 1 2 Ferdinand Hennerbichler (2010). Die Herkunft der Kurden: interdisziplinäre Studie. p. 106.
  3. ↑ M. B. Rowton, Urban Autonomy in a Nomadic Environment. In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 32, No. ½ (Jan.-Apr., 1973), pp. 201-215)
  4. ↑ Postgate, John Nicholas, The Archives of Urad-Serua and His Family: A Middle Assyrian Household in Government Service. Publicazioni del Progetto “Analisi electronic del cuneiforme” Corpus Medio-Assiro. Roma (Roberto Denicola) 1988, Zittierte Archiv-Nummer: 56
  5. ↑ Charpin, Dominique,. La “toponymie en miroir” dans le Proche-Orient amorrite. Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale. Volume 97 2003/1, p. 3-34.
  6. ↑ Jean Robert Kupper (Liége) Les nomads en Mésopotamie au temps des roi de Mari. Société d’Èdition ’Les Belles Letters’, Paris 1957.
  7. ↑ Ferner in: Birot,, Maurice, Kupper, Jean-Robert, Rouault,olivier. Répertoire analytique (2e volume). Tomes I-XIV, XVIII. Premiére partie. Noms propers (ARM 16/1), Paris 1979: Kurda.
  8. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. p. 516.
  9. ↑ Daniel Fleming (2012). The Legacy of Israel in Judah's Bible: History, Politics, and the Reinscribing of Tradition. p. 219.
  10. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. p. 373.
  11. ↑ Martha A. Morrison, David I. Owen (1981). In honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his seventy-fifth birthday, April 29, 1981, Volume 2. p. 86.
  12. ↑ Izak Cornelius (1994). The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE). p. 91.
  13. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. p. 398.
  14. 1 2 Dominique Charpin (2012). Hammurabi of Babylon. p. 49.
  15. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. p. 45.
  16. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. p. 76.
  17. ↑ Gordon Douglas Young (1992). Mari in retrospect: fifty years of Mari and Mari studies. p. 13.
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Heimpel (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. p. 161.


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