Ibragim Todashev

Ibragim Todashev

Florida booking photo from Orange County on May 4, 2013
Born (1985-09-22)September 22, 1985[1]
Grozny, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union
Died May 22, 2013(2013-05-22) (aged 27)
Orlando, Florida, United States
Nationality Russian (Chechen)

Ibragim Todashev (Ибрагим Тодашев) (September 22, 1985 – May 22, 2013) was a Chechen American former mixed martial artist and a possible friend of suspected Boston Marathon bomber and former amateur boxer, Tamerlan Tsarnaev. At his apartment in Orlando, Florida, he was shot dead by FBI agent Aaron McFarlane during a police interview on May 22, 2013. He had allegedly attacked the agent, with a pipe or stick, while writing a statement about the Boston Marathon bombings and a triple homicide that took place in Waltham, Massachusetts, on September 11, 2011. The investigators involved in the incident said that Todashev had implicated both himself and Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the Waltham murders before he was killed.

Life

Ibragim Todashev was born on September 22, 1985 in the Chechen-Ingush capital Grozny during the Soviet era, as the eldest of 12 children of Abdulbaki (or Abdul-Baki) Todashev and his two wives.[2] During the 1990s, his family fled war-torn Chechnya to Russia's Saratov Oblast. They resided there until the late 2000s, before moving back to Grozny, where his father became a high-ranking pro-Moscow official in the city administration in 2008.[3][4]

Todashev moved to the U.S. to study English on a J-1 non-immigrant visa, after four years of study in classes at Saratov State University and Chechen State University, as part of a student exchange program with Russia. He then applied for and was granted asylum in 2008 and permanent residence in March 2013.[3][4][5] According to the Center for Immigration Studies, Todashev was granted asylum for no valid reason as he was personally in no danger of repression or ethnic or religious persecution in Chechnya and might have "lied throughout his entire interaction with State Department and Homeland Security authorities;"[6] his own father said his son had no reason to fear "oppression" back home as "he was too young to fight in the war [in Chechnya], and he has nothing to fear here now" from the authorities.[7] He said: "Out of fear of the lawlessness in Chechnya, I sent him to the U.S. because it seemed like the safest country at the time."[8]

In the United States, Todashev married an Armenian American, Reni Manukyan, who said she met her late husband in 2010 through a mutual friend in Boston; Manukyan separated from Todashev in November 2012, but they had kept in regular contact with each other, and she was still supporting him with money.[9] Todashev was an amateur boxer before turning to mixed martial arts (MMA) in the United States, but he was to quit his professional MMA career due to a serious knee injury. The father said that after that, his son had held various jobs in the Boston area before eventually moving to Florida.[8]

The father said in an interview for Russia Today that his son was a "very calm" person who would never hurt anyone.[9] Todashev's former MMA training partner however described him as a gifted athlete but also a "hothead".[10] In 2010, the Boston Police Department detained Todashev for a violent road rage incident in Downtown Crossing; the police report states that the officers "witnessed several people struggling to restrain a white male, later determined to be the subject, Ibragim Todashev. Officers heard Todashev yell, 'You say something about my mother, I will kill you!' Officers struggled to physically restrain and handcuff Todashev."[11] On May 4, 2013, shortly before his death, he was also briefly arrested by the Orange County Sheriff's Office in Orange County, Florida, after he got into a fight with two strangers during a dispute over parking space at an outlet mall, knocking one of them unconscious and then leaving the scene (the man, who was hospitalized with serious head injuries but did not press charges,[2] later said he was shocked "how accurate and quick his punches were" and "thought he was wearing brass knuckles, but it was just his fist").[10] The responding sheriff's deputy chased down Todashev's car, ordered him out at gunpoint and arrested him; the affidavit states that "Todashev said he was only fighting to protect his knee because he had surgery in March."[12]

At the time of the shooting that killed him, Todashev was free on $3,500 bail for the Orange County incident, facing charges of aggravated battery.[11][13] Todashev's Russian girlfriend and housemate, Tatiana Gruzdeva, was arrested on immigration charges by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement on May 16, a few days before Todashev's death, after she refused to agree to report to the FBI on Todashev.[14][15] While she had been ordered to return to Russia by an immigration judge, federal immigration officials granted Gruzdeva permission to stay in the United States for another year and released her from detention in August.[16] After speaking to reporter Susan Zalkind about Todashev's death and relationship with the FBI, Gruzdeva was arrested and deported to Russia in October 2013.[14] Todashev's friend who was also a housemate, Ashurmamad Miraliev, briefly charged in an unrelated case, was ordered to leave the country voluntarily and left soon afterwards.[17][18]

Mixed martial arts record

Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes
Win 1–1 Bradford May Submission (guillotine choke) RFC 27: Showtime July 27, 2012 1 2:29 Tampa, Florida, United States [19]
Loss 0–1 Jimmy Davidson TKO (Referee Stoppage) AFO - Thanksgiving Massacre 2 November 25, 2009 3 2:49 Quincy, Massachusetts, United States [20]

2011 Waltham triple murder

A triple murder was committed in Waltham, Massachusetts, on the evening of September 11, 2011.[8][21] Three men, Brendan Mess, Erik Weissman, and Raphael Teken, were murdered in Mess's apartment. All had their throats slit from ear to ear, with such great force that they were nearly decapitated. Illegal marijuana worth thousands of dollars was left covering their bodies, and $5,000 was left at the scene. The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other, and that the murders were not random.

The Boston Globe reported that Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the deceased suspect in the April 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, had once introduced murder victim Brendan Mess as his best friend.[22] After the bombings and subsequent revelations of Tsarnaev's personal life, the Waltham murders case was reexamined in April 2013 with Tsarnaev as a new suspect.[8] Todashev's friendship with Tsarnaev then led to him being questioned for potential connection with the murders and other actions involving Tsarnaev.

Todashev's questioning and death

On the afternoon of May 22, 2013, law enforcement officers, including FBI special agent Aaron McFarlane from the Boston field office and two Massachusetts State Police (MSP) troopers, Curtis Cinelli and Joel Gagne, arrived at Ibragim Todashev's apartment in Orlando, Florida, and interviewed Todashev for approximately eight hours in his living room.[23] NPR reporter Susan Zalkind stated that Todashev's friend Khusen Taramov waited outside Todashev's apartment during the interrogation, and was told to leave an hour before Todashev was shot.[14] According to Todashev's father, Abdulbaki, the questioning took place two days before his scheduled flight to Russia; Abdulbaki's American attorney Eric Ludin said Ibragim Todashev had undergone multiple prior interrogations in Florida and was promised this would be the last one, and had canceled a planned trip to Chechnya earlier in May on the advice of the FBI.[13][24] Todashev was questioned by the FBI agent regarding the 2011 Waltham murders and his connections to the Boston bombings suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev;[5][25] both Todashev and Tsarnaev had trained at the Wai Kru MMA Gym and lived close to each other in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[9] The investigators later said that Todashev implicated both himself and Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the murders during the questioning soon after midnight. They reported that Todashev was beginning to write a formal statement when he asked to take a break, and then suddenly attacked the agent.[5][25] Todashev was shot multiple times and killed.[5][26][27]

Officials initially claimed that Todashev picked up a knife or attempted to grab a samurai sword from the wall, but later said that it was unclear whether this was the case; one source said it was "a knife or a pipe or something". A number of later reports said that he was unarmed.[26][27][28][29] Some earlier accounts implied that the FBI agent was alone with Todashev at the time of the shooting.[27] Following Todashev's death, his father showed photographs to reporters in Moscow that he said demonstrated his son had been shot at point-blank range in the head.[30] According to the account of an unnamed law enforcement official, Todashev knocked the interrogating agent to the ground with a table, and then lunged at him with a metal pole, or possibly a broomstick.[31] In this account there was one detective in the room (who did not fire) besides the FBI agent.[31] The agent sustained minor injuries requiring stitches. An account given by former FBI deputy director John Miller said[32] that an MSP trooper

"noticed that Todashev was getting more and more agitated. Rather than alert the agent and tip off Todashev that they sensed something was about to happen, [the trooper] texted the agent and [wrote], 'Be careful, I think this guy is becoming more agitated'. As the agent looked down at that text, that's when the table went over, Todashev came over the table and picked up apparently a metal broom handle or some object like that [...] and charged the agent. The agent [w]as knocked back, came up with his gun, fired two or three times. Todashev came back at him and he fired more times."

Authorities have confirmed that the agent fired six times.[32]

A police report states that the FBI confiscated "some kind of stick" along with a computer and some other items.[24] The FBI established a post-shooting incident-review team to investigate the shooting.[25] Todashev's body was flown to Russia on June 20 by his American widow and his father;[33] he was buried in a Muslim cemetery in Grozny on June 29.[34] On July 16, the release of Todashev's autopsy report, completed by a Florida medical examiner's office, was blocked by the FBI because the "case was still under active investigation."[35]

Allegations of civil rights violations and excessive use of force

On May 29, the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR), an American Islamic civil liberties group, held a news conference in Orlando at which it presented photographs of Todashev's body which it said showed that he was shot seven times, once in the head.[36] CAIR asked the Department of Justice (DOJ) for an investigation separate from the FBI investigation into the shooting to determine whether the FBI violated Todashev's civil rights.[37] A DOJ spokesman said that they would determine whether an investigation by the Civil Rights Division is warranted.[38] The FBI immediately responded by releasing a statement saying: "The FBI takes very seriously any shooting incidents involving our agents, and as such, we have an effective, time-tested process for addressing them internally. The review process is thorough and objective and conducted as expeditiously as possible under the circumstances."[39] In early August, the DOJ finished a preliminary probe into Todashev's death.[40] Executive director of CAIR-Florida Hassan Shibly said: "It was the FBI agent who shot all of the bullets. If this were a survival shooting, typically all of the officers will draw their weapons,"[41] adding that "sympathetic" federal sources within the DOJ and FBI assured CAIR that Todashev was unarmed.[13]

On June 5, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) called for an independent investigation into the shooting. Michael German, a former FBI agent and ACLU's counsel on national security, immigration and privacy,[42] said: "What became concerning is that different stories... were coming out. They need to correct the record—both for the protection of the people in the community and for the protection of the law enforcement officers."[39][43] On August 1, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement declined the request, saying said it would be inappropriate for a state agency to intervene, to the disappointment of the ACLU of Florida,[44] whose executive director Howard Simon noted: "The FBI has offered completely incompatible explanations, they have failed to explain how these inconsistent stories found their way into newspaper accounts of the shooting, and have not offered any clarifying comment about what really happened."[24] On August 10, Florida's top prosecutor, State Attorney Jeffrey L. Ashton, announced that he changed his mind and decided to launch an independent review of the shooting;[16] Ashton said there is no timetable as to when he will complete his review and there will be no further public comment regarding this matter until it is completed.[45]

The officer who killed Todashev, Aaron McFarlane, had a checkered past with the Oakland Police Department, having been the subject of two police-brutality lawsuits, four internal-affairs investigations, and claiming his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination at a police corruption trial.[46][47]

Criticism from Russia

When the Russian embassy in Washington, DC, learned of Todashev's shooting, it asked the U.S. government for the relevant documentation, including the autopsy report as well as information about the firearms used in the incident. The autopsy report has remained sealed, and an FBI spokesman said that no documents relating to the case would be provided to Russia until the FBI completes its own investigation.[43] The FBI's refusal to provide details on the shooting contrasts sharply with previous shootings involving its agents.[48]

The shooting was condemned by the controversial Head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, who said that Ibragim Todashev was a "good boy" and his father Abdulbaki, who works in Kadyrov's government as a department head in the mayor's office in Grozny, is a "decent and educated person."[49] According to Reuters, Abdulbaki Todashev and Kadyrov were said to be on close terms.[2] Kadyrov, who himself has been long accused by Human Rights Watch as well as the U.S. State Department of serious abuses including personal involvement in extrajudicial killings, torture, disappearances and rape,[50] said "the guy [Ibragim Todashev] was killed for no reason" and "without justification" in "reprisal by special services."[51][52] Kadyrov's press office also released a statement of him claiming that Ibragim Todashev wanted to go home because of "the harassment of Chechens in America" and criticizing the alleged "double standards" of the White House in regards to murder and terrorism.[53]

On May 30, at a press conference in Moscow, Todashev's father, Abdulbaki, who had previously stated that he believes his son was tortured before he died,[2] said photographs of the corpse showed six shots to the body and a "control shot" (a Russian phrase for an execution by a point-blank shot to the head).[4] According to the father, the FBI "bandits" allegedly executed his "100% unarmed" son to silence him for an unspecified reason.[3][54] In an interview after the press conference, he said that it appeared that his son had been shot by more than one agent, both from the front and the back. According to Maxim Shevchenko, a prominent Russian state journalist and member of Vladimir Putin's presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights who conducted the conference, the photographs were taken at a Muslim mortuary by Ibragim Todashev's friend Khusen Taramov, who has spoken to the press about being earlier interviewed by the FBI along with Todashev.[28][55] On June 25, Abdulbaki Todashev said he plans to sue the U.S. authorities over what he described as the "extrajudicial execution" of his son.[56] On August 5, he arrived in the U.S. on a tourist visa with this intent. Todashev claimed not receiving assistance from Kadyrov and the Russian state (besides some moral support), but is being supported by his son's estranged widow as well as CAIR and the Florida ACLU.[24]

On the same day that Abdulbaki Todashev and Shevchenko held their press conference, The Washington Post published an editorial arguing that "answers are needed" about Todashev's death: "With the eyes of the world once again on the United States' response to an act of terrorism and its treatment of foreign nationals, the last thing the U.S. government needs to do is fuel wild conspiracy theories by releasing too little information or investigating too slowly."[57] Russian state news agency ITAR-TASS writer Ivan Sukhov commented that "the criminal side of the story with Todashev is ignored in Russia" but "there is a high probability that the triple murder, of which Ibragim Todashev is suspected, will be confirmed – and then even the fact that his father works at a Russian municipal agency will not be seen as an extenuating circumstance for those who are now trying to publicly defend him and who proceed from the fact that Americans are enemies even if you live among them."[58]

References

  1. ↑ "FBI shoots Chechen dead in Florida, man questioned over links to Boston bombers — RT USA". Rt.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Father of Chechen shot by FBI says he thinks son was tortured". Reuters. May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Father of Chechen Shot by the FBI Says Authorities Lying | News". The Moscow Times. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Point-Blank Shot Killed Friend of Alleged Boston Bomber – Father | Crime | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Wesley Lowery, David Filipov and Mark Arsenault (May 23, 2013). "Slain suspect had thought about missing FBI interview". The Boston Globe.
  6. ↑ W.D. Reasoner. "Ibragim Todashev, Asylum, and S.744 | Center for Immigration Studies". Cis.org. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  7. ↑ Kevin Cullen. "Father of man killed by FBI agents in Orlando, Fla. says his son was not capable of attacking police". Boston.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Abdul-Baki Todashev, Dad Of Man Shot By FBI In Boston Probe, Shares Regrets". The Huffington Post. May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Kamp, Jon; Levitz, Jennifer; Sonne, Paul (May 23, 2013). "After Murder Suspect's Death, Probe Is Decried, Defended - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Ibragim Todashev killing: FBI shooting-review team from D.C. in Orlando for Ibragim Todashev killing – Orlando Sentinel". Articles.orlandosentinel.com. May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Slain Russian Ibragim Todashev 'intimidated' former neighbors". Boston Herald. May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  12. ↑ Hayley Peterson (May 22, 2013). "Ibragim Todashev: FBI agent fatally shoots suspect in Orlando 'who knew Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev' | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 "Ibragim Todashev's dad calls son killed by FBI in Orlando 'conscientious and responsible' – Orlando Sentinel". Articles.orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 Zalkind, Susan. "Dead men tell no tales". www.thisamericanlife.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "FBI agent shoot and kills Orlando man with ties to Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev – Metro". The Boston Globe. May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  16. 1 2 "State attorney to investigate Todashev case; roommate mysteriously freed from immigration jail – Metro". The Boston Globe. August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-09-21/news/os-todashev-friend-arrested-florida-20130920_1_ibragim-todashev-boston-based-fbi-agent-boston-marathon
  18. ↑ "Results of state inquiry into shooting of FBI agent expected early next year". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013.
  19. ↑ Ibragim Todashev's Sherdog profile
  20. ↑ AFO MMA-Core Thanksgiving Massacre
  21. ↑ "Boston Bombing Brings Twist to Cold Murder Case". ABC News. April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  22. ↑ Rezendes, Michael. "Police probe possible link between Marathon bomber and unsolved triple homicide in Waltham". The Boston Globe. Boston Globe. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  23. ↑ Sacchetti, Mari, "Ibragim Todashev shooter had stormy record as officer", Boston Globe, 14 May 2014; 9th Judicial Circuit, "SA Investigation into death of Ibragim Todashev"
  24. 1 2 3 4 Shuster, Simon (August 5, 2013). "Father of Slain Chechen Plans to Sue FBI for Son's Wrongful Death | TIME.com". World.time.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  25. 1 2 3 Schmidt, Michael S.; Rashbaum, William K.; Oppel, Jr., Richard A. (May 22, 2013). "Deadly End to FBI Queries on Tsarnaev and a Triple Killing". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  26. 1 2 Thomas, Pierre (May 29, 2013). "Man Linked to Boston Bombing Suspect was Unarmed When Shot in Violent Encounter With FBI". ABC News. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  27. 1 2 3 Friedersdorf, Conor (May 30, 2013). "Why did the FBI Kill an Unarmed Man and Clam up?". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  28. 1 2 Englund, Will (May 30, 2013). "Father of Chechen Killed in Florida Says FBI Murdered Him". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  29. ↑ Horwitz, Sari; Finn, Peter (May 29, 2013). "Officials: Man Who Knew Boston Bombing Suspect Was Unarmed when Shot". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  30. ↑ "FBI Blocks Release of Todashev Autopsy". Ria Novosti. July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  31. 1 2 Schmidt, Michael S.; Ellen Barry (May 30, 2013). "Man Tied to Boston Suspect Is Said to Have Attacked Agent Before Being Shot". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  32. 1 2 "FBI reviewing Todashev shooting amid family's accusations". CBS News. May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Body of Todashev, Shot During Questioning in US, Flown to Russia | Russia | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  34. ↑ "Chechen Killed By FBI In Tsarnaev Questioning Buried In Grozny". Rferl.org. June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  35. ↑ Sacchetti, Maria (July 16, 2013). "FBI bars Fla. from releasing Todashev autopsy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  36. ↑ Curtis, Henry Pierson; Amy Pavuk (May 30, 2013). "Islamic group: Slain man was unarmed, shot by FBI agent 7 times". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  37. ↑ Johnsson, Patrik (May 30, 2013). "Tsarnaev friend unarmed when killed, FBI admits. Were civil rights violated?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  38. ↑ Sullivan, Jerriann (June 6, 2013). "DOJ: We will decide if probe is needed in FBI shooting case". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  39. 1 2 Sullivan, Jerriann (June 5, 2013). "ACLU calls for probe of FBI's fatal shooting of Ibragim Todashev in Orlando". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  40. ↑ Schneider, Mike (August 14, 2009). "ORLANDO, Fla.: DOJ finishes preliminary probe in Todashev death – Florida Wires". MiamiHerald.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Chechen man Ibragim Todashev shot by FBI would have struggled to attack officers, lawyers say". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Intelligence Expert and Former FBI Agent Joins ACLU As National Security Counsel | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. October 5, 2006. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  43. 1 2 Lowery, Wesley (June 4, 2013). "ACLU: Ibragim Todashev shooting in Orlando should be subject to independent probe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  44. ↑ Staff and agencies. "Florida won't investigate Ibragim Todashev shooting." The Guardian. Wednesday August 7, 2013.
  45. ↑ "State Attorney Jeff Ashton to review DOJ investigation in Todashev death | News 13". Cfnews13.com. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  46. ↑ Sachetti, Maria (14 May 2014). "Ibragim Todashev shooter had stormy record as officer". Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  47. ↑ Luscombe, Richard (14 May 2014). "FBI agent cleared in killing of Boston suspect's friend had controversial past". Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  48. ↑ Sacchetti, Maria (June 6, 2013). "FBI tight-lipped on Todashev killing". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Chechen Leader Slams Killing of Tsarnaev Affiliate | Russia | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  50. ↑ Lally, Kathy (May 29, 2013). "Congressmen take anti-terror trip to Russia – Washington Post". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Kadyrov Slams FBI For Killing Man Linked To Boston Bomber". RFE/RL. May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Kadyrov says Chechen native Ibragim Todashev slain in U.S. as reprisal by special services » Interfax News Wire :: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia". Interfax.co.uk. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  53. ↑ (Russian) Р. Кадыров: «Тодашев говорил отцу, что хочет вернуться домой, потому что в Америке начали притеснять чеченцев». Chechnya.gov.ru.
  54. ↑ Richard Luscombe in Miami and agencies (May 30, 2013). "Ibragim Todashev's father: FBI 'bandits' murdered my son | World news". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  55. ↑ Loyko, Sergei L. (May 30, 2013). "Father of Tsarnaev friend slain by FBI says his son was 'executed'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  56. ↑ "Todashev's Father Plans to Sue US over Son's Killing | Russia | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  57. ↑ Board, Editorial (May 30, 2013). "Answers needed in death of Tamerlan Tsarnaev acquaintance". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  58. ↑ "Victim villains: aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack as a common sense test". Itar-Tass. Retrieved June 29, 2013.

Further reading

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