Insteon

Insteon is a home automation (domotics) technology that enables light switches, lights, thermostats, leak sensors, remote controls, motion sensors, and other electrically powered devices to interoperate through power lines, radio frequency (RF) communications, or both.^[1] It employs a dual-mesh networking topology^[2] in which all devices are peers and each device independently transmits, receives, and repeats messages.^[3] Like other home automation systems, it has been associated with the Internet of Things.^[4]

Insteon-based products were launched in 2005 by Smartlabs,^[5] the company which holds the trademark for Insteon.^[6] A Smartlabs subsidiary, also named Insteon, was created to market the technology.^[7]

Protocol

Every message received by an Insteon compatible device undergoes error detection and correction and is then retransmitted to improve reliability. All devices retransmit the same message at the same time so that message transmissions are synchronous, thus preserving the integrity of the message while strengthening the signal on the powerline and erasing RF dead zones. Insteon powerline messaging uses phase-shift keying. Insteon RF messaging uses frequency-shift keying.

Each message contains a two-bit "hops" field that is initialized to 3 by the originating node and decremented each time a node in the network repeats the message. Individual Insteon messages can also carry up to 14 bytes of arbitrary user data for custom applications.

Network topology

Insteon is an integrated dual-mesh (formerly referred to as "dual-band") network that combines wireless radio frequency (RF) and a building's existing electrical wiring. The electrical wiring becomes a backup transmission medium in the event of RF/wireless interference. Conversely, RF/wireless becomes a backup transmission medium in the event of powerline interference. As a peer-to-peer network, devices do not require network supervision, thus allowing optional operation without central controllers and routing tables.

Central controllers

Insteon devices can function without a central controller. Additionally, they may be managed by a central controller to implement functions such as control via smartphones and tablets, control scheduling, event handling, and problem reporting via email or text messaging. A computer can be used as a central controller by connecting it to an Insteon USB/serial PowerLinc modem, which serves as a communication bridge between the computer and the Insteon device network.

Security

Insteon network security is maintained via linking control to ensure that users cannot create links that would allow them to control a neighbors’ Insteon devices, and via encryption within extended Insteon messages for applications such as door locks and security applications, should those applications choose to implement encryption.^[8]:53

Insteon enforces linking control by requiring users to have physical possession of devices, or knowledge of their unique Insteon IDs in order to create links. Firmware in Insteon devices prohibits them from identifying themselves to other devices unless a user either physically presses a button on the device during the installation process or explicitly addresses the device via a central controller. Linking to a device by sending Insteon messages (e.g., from a central controller) requires knowledge of the address of the target Insteon device. As these addresses are unique for each device and assigned at the factory (and displayed on a printed label attached to each device), users must have physical access to the device to read the device address from the label and manually enter it when prompted during installation.

The security of Insteon RF devices was criticized in a DEF CON presentation in 2015.^[9]

Installation

Insteon devices are configured by applying a sequence of "taps" (button presses) to a pushbutton on each device to establish direct device-to-device links. Alternatively, a central controller may be used to configure devices.

Each Insteon device has its own unique identifier code, similar to a MAC address, and the technology allows directly linked devices to manage their identifiers.

Compatibility

Older Insteon chip sets manufactured by Smartlabs can transmit, receive, and respond to (but not repeat) X10 power line messages, thus enabling X10 networks to interoperate with Insteon.^[10][11]

In 2014, Insteon released a home automation system compatible with the touch-enabled Metro interface, with devices appearing as "live tiles",^[12] and later added voice control via Microsoft Cortana.^[13][14]

In 2015, voice control was added via compatibility with Amazon Echo.^[15] That same year, Logitech announced the Harmony Hub-based remote would support Insteon devices when deployed with an Insteon Hub.^[16] Also in 2015, Insteon announced an initiative to integrate the Google-owned Nest learning thermostat with the Insteon Hub.^[17]

Insteon was one of two launch partners for Apple's HomeKit platform, with the HomeKit-enabled Insteon Hub Pro.^[18] In 2015, Insteon announced support for the Apple Watch, allowing watch owners to control their home with an Insteon Hub.^[19]

Insteon is supported by several third-party platforms, including the ISY series from Universal Devices,^[20] HomeSeer's HomeTroller^[21] appliances and software,^[22] the open source projects openHAB^[23] and Misterhouse,^[24] and others.

Specifications

Data rate

• Instantaneous (within a single packet): 13,165 bit/s
• Sustained best case (over multiple packets): 2,880 bit/s
• Sustained average case: 180 bit/s^[25]

Message types

• Standard: 10 bytes
• Extended: 24 bytes

Message format/structure

• Source Address: 3 bytes
• Destination Address: 3 bytes
• Flags: 1 byte
• Command: 2 bytes
• User Data: 14 bytes
• Message Integrity: 1 byte

Devices supported

• Unique IDs: 16,777,216
• Device Types: 65,536
• Commands: 65,536
• Group Members: 256

Insteon engine memory requirements

• RAM: 80 bytes
• ROM: 3 kilobytes

Typical application (light switch, lamp dimmer) memory requirements

• RAM: 256 bytes
• EEPROM: 256 bytes
• Flash: 7 kB

Power line physical layer

• Frequency: 131.65 kHz
• Modulation: Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
• Min Transmit Level: 3.16 Vpp into 5 ohms
• Min Receive Level: 10 mV
• Phase Bridging: Insteon RF or hardware

RF physical layer

• Frequency: 902 to 924 MHz
• Modulation: FSK
• Sensitivity: -103 dBm
• Range: 150 ft unobstructed line-of-sight^[8]:53

References

External links

• Official website
• Open Source Insteon USB device driver for Linux

Home automation
System	Elements Actuators Hardware controllers Sensors Interconnection type Wired Cable (xDSL) Optical fiber Powerline PLCBUS Universal powerline bus (UPB) X10 Wireless Radio frequency Bluetooth Bluetooth low energy DECT EnOcean GPRS MyriaNed ONE-NET UMTS Wi-Fi ZigBee Z-Wave Infrared (Consumer IR) Both Insteon KNX Network technologies, by function Device interconnection Bluetooth Bluetooth low energy FireWire IrDA USB ZigBee Control and automation AllJoyn SCS BUS with OpenWebNet C-Bus (protocol) CEBus EnOcean EHS Insteon KNX LonWorks ONE-NET Universal Powerline Bus X10 ZigBee Z-Wave Data networking Ethernet HomePlug HomePNA Wi-Fi
Tasks	Audio and video Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Lighting control system Other systems Robotics Security Thermostat automation
Other	Costs Mesh networking Organizations Smart Grid
See also: Home of the future Building automation Floor plan Home automation Home energy monitor Home network Home server House navigation system INTEGER Millennium House The House of the Future Ubiquitous computing Xanadu Houses