Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler

Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler

Established	December 30, 2011 (2011-12-30)
Research type	Basic
Field of research	Astrophysics
Principal investigator	David Kipping
Staff	Gáspár Bakos Lars Buchhave Joel Hartman David Nesvorný Allan Schmitt
Nickname	HEK
Affiliations	Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Website	www.cfa.harvard.edu/HEK/

The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British astrophysicist David Kipping and affiliated with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, HEK submitted its first paper on June 30, 2011.^[1] HEK has since submitted five more papers, though it has not yet detected an exomoon.^[2]

Scientific work

HEK searches for exomoons in two ways, radial-velocity variation and transit-timing variation, both of which are based on alterations to the basic signal produced by the planet. For moons detected the first way, the sinusoidal changes in the wavelength of the light of the host star created by the planet may themselves be modulated slightly by a moon of the planet. In the second method, the interval at which a planet transits its host star may be made slightly shorter or longer under the gravitational influence of a moon, revealing its existence.^[3]

In its first paper, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler selected several Kepler planet candidates as search targets, based on the probability and detectability of potential moons around the planets.^[4] A second paper, published in early 2013, covering the properties of seven of the planet candidates, revealed no moons but allowed the astronomers to constrain the moon-to-planet mass ratios for the planets.^[5] A third paper, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal, analyzed the transit and radial-velocity signals of Kepler-22b, the first and only habitable-zone planet analyzed by the HEK team as of July 2013. As with previous searches, though, no moons were conclusively discovered, constraining the maximum mass of a Kepler-22b moon below 0.54 Earth masses with 95% confidence.^[6]

Despite the lack of positive results in one-and-a-half years of operation, several commentators, including Shannon Hall of Universe Today^[3] and Markus Hammonds of Discovery News,^[7] have expressed hope that there are billions of exomoons, many habitable, remaining to be found in the Milky Way. Citing the fact that the first exoplanets were not found in the first discovery efforts, and the fact that the Milky Way is extremely large and diverse, both commentators contend that exomoons will be found eventually.

References

Exoplanet search projects
Ground-based	AAPS APF CORALIE EAPSNet ELODIE EPICS ESPRESSO FINDS Exo-Earths Geneva HARPS HARPS-N GPI HATNet HEK HiCIAO HIRES KELT LCES Magellan MARVELS MEarth MicroFUN MINERVA MOA N2K NGTS NESSI OGLE OPSP PlanetPol PlanetQuest Project 1640 PARAS SEEDS SETI SOPHIE SPECULOOS SPHERE SuperWASP Systemic TrES XO Telescope ZIMPOL/CHEOPS
Space missions	Past and current MOST (2003–present) SWEEPS (2006) COROT (2006–13) EPOXI (2008–13) Kepler (2009–present) KOI exoplanets Gaia (2013–present) Planned CHEOPS (2017) TESS (2017) James Webb Space Telescope (2018) PLATO (2024) WFIRST (mid-2020s) Proposed ATLAST EXCEDE FINESSE New Worlds Mission PEGASE Cancelled Darwin EChO Eddington Space Interferometry Mission Terrestrial Planet Finder
Detection methods Discoveries of exoplanets Lists of exoplanets