Face to Face (photograph)

Komulainen's 1990 photograph of Patrick Cloutier (left) and Brad Larocque (right)

Face to Face is a photograph of Canadian Pte. Patrick Cloutier and Anishinaabe warrior Brad Larocque staring each other down during the Oka Crisis. It was taken on Sept. 1, 1990 by Shaney Komulainen, and has become one of Canada's most famous images.^[1]

Events

Komulainen was working as a freelance photographer for The Canadian Press. On September 1, she had been assigned to the South Shore, the site of the Mohawk blockade of the Mercier Bridge. She heard on the radio that the army was moving, and called to secure permission from Canadian Press manager Bill Grimshaw to go to the area known as "The Pines" where the photograph was taken.^[1]

When Komulainen saw the face-to-face confrontation, she was struck by Cloutier's face: "It just struck me that his face was so young. He was military, but he was so young."^[1]

At least three warriors approached Cloutier in this time of confrontations. In video of the standoff, the voice of Larocque can be heard speaking to Cloutier: "Are you nervous? (...) Not scared, though, are you?" Koulainen recalls that Larocque explained to the man in front of him the sensation of a bullet entering the human body.^[1] The voice was later misidentified as belonging to Ronald "Lasagna" Cross who had featured prominently earlier in the dispute.^[1] Larocque, however, was speaking English and Cloutier, who spoke only French, understood none of the comments.^[2]

Komulainen believes she shot between 20 and 25 frames of the pair, and passed along the film, before Bill Grimshaw drove it to the Canadian Press in Montreal, where he developed and printed it.^[1]

Mistaken identity

A similar image featuring Ronald "Lasagna" Cross, whose name was frequently used incorrectly to identify the masked man in Komulainen's photo.

Because the face of one of the men his masked, his identity was sometimes mistakenly given as Ronald "Lasagna" Cross, for years afterwards.^[3] "Lasagna" (whose real name was Ronaldo Casalpro) was also photographed engaging in a similar face-to-face confrontation, but not with Cloutier. Cross/Casalpro died of a heart attack in November 1999, after completing his prison sentence for assault and weapons charges related to the conflict.^[3][4]

Brad Larocque

At the time, Brad "Freddy Krueger" Larocque was student at the University of Saskatchewan, but had made his way to Kanesatake earlier in the summer to support the Mohawk people.^[5] Despite the fact that Larocque's nickname taken from the horror film character, Komulainen asserts that he was known to reporters as being soft-spoken.^[1]

Larocque lived in Montreal for some time after the conflict, but later returned to Saskatchewan.^[3]

Patrick Cloutier

Patrick Cloutier of Saint-Maxime-du-Mont-Louis, Quebec was a 19-year-old private with the Royal 22e Régiment of the Canadian Forces at the time. After the photo was published, he was heralded as a Canadian hero.^[5] The Globe and Mail even compared Cloutier to "the man who stared down a Red Army tank in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square last year."^[5] Quebec media emphasized Cloutier's "Quebecois roots", and La Presse described him as "the little soldier staring unblinkingly at the angry Warrior."

Later that year Cloutier was granted an "accelerated promotion" to master corporal,.^[6] In May 1992, he was demoted to private again and served 45 days in an Edmonton military prison for cocaine use.^[7]

Cloutier served the Canadian military again in Bosnia, and upon his return, many of his friends from the service committed suicide.^[2] He was discharged on December 9, 1993 after being found guilty of impaired driving, leaving the scene of an accident, and causing bodily harm.^[1][5][8] Cloutier was convicted of ramming a double-parked car, injuring its two occupants and a 16-year-old passenger in Cloutier's own vehicle.^[8] In 1995, he appeared in a pornographic film, Quebec Sexy Girls II: The Confrontation, which specifically parodied the events at Oka.^[5][9] As of 2015, he was working for the Canadian Coast Guard, spending a great deal of time on board the CCGS Amundsen.^[1][2]

Cloutier would later insist that he had never supported the original cause of the conflict: a golf course. On the contrary, said Cloutier, "J’étais pour les Indiens ! Je passe beaucoup de temps au Nunavut et les Premières Nations, c’est mon peuple préféré." (I was for the Indians! I spent a lot of time in Nunavut and with First Nations, they're my favourite people.)^[2]

Shaney Komulainen

Shaney Komulainen was 27 years old at the time the photograph was taken. During the Oka Crisis, Komulainen was charged with threatening and possession of a weapon, but was cleared of all charges. She was later injured in a car crash while on assignment for Saturday Night, and it effectively ended her journalism career.^[1]

Legacy

The photo became "the most recognizable image of the Oka Crisis."^[10] Zosia Bielski has described it as being "one of the few Canadian photos that comes close to being iconic" and Prof. Tracy Whalen says that "some have called it Canada's most famous image."^[11]

Photographer Rob Galbraith, who also shot the Oka Crisis (for Reuters) believes the photo is among the top five Canadian photos ever taken. Galbraith insists that "It’s the symbolism of it... This is the difference between a newswire photographer and a newspaper photographer. A news wire photographer tries to photograph an image that captivates and you don’t have to write a word for it, whereas a newspaper photographer will normally take photos that need a caption."^[1] Photographer Bill Grimshaw (who developed the photo) feels differently, believing that the photo was "a great photo for the day — but it really was theatre and says nothing about anything."^[1]

A study, published by Rima Wilkes and Michael Kehl in the academic journal Nations and Nationalism, examined the different ways Canadians have responded to the photograph. "People project onto this image what they want to see," says Rima Wilkes, "You can think it’s just a photograph and they don’t lie, but you can interpret it any way you want." Wilkes suggests that many non-Indigenous people see the photograph as symbolic of Canadian peacekeeping, a view she suggests is "misguided" given the events of the Oka Crisis and the overwhelming numerical dominance of the Canadian forces.^[5]

The image was used as a recruitment tool by the Canadian forces.^[2] The photograph frequently appears in Canadian media stories, only partially connected with the Oka Crisis, such as coverage of the Grand River land dispute.^[5] Indigenous activists continue use the photograph to symbolize strength and resistance.^[5]

References

Further reading