Spot-fin porcupinefish

Diodon hystrix
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Diodontidae
Genus: Diodon
Species: D. hystrix
Binomial name
Diodon hystrix
Linnaeus, 1758

The spot-fin porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix), also known as spotted porcupinefish, black-spotted porcupinefish or simply porcupinefish, is a member of the family Diodontidae.

Description

The spot-fin porcupinefish is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 91 cm, but the average size mostly observed is 40 cm.[1] Its body is elongated with a spherical head with big round protruding eyes, a large mouth rarely closed. The pectoral fins are large, the pelvic fins are absent, the anal and dorsal fins are close to the caudal peduncle. The latter move simultaneously during swimming. The skin is smooth and firm, the scales are modified into spines. The body coloration is beige to sandy-yellow marbled with dark blotches and dotted with numerous small black spots.

In case of danger, the porcupinefish can inflate itself by swallowing water to deter the potential predator with its larger volume and it can raise its spines.

The porcupinefish concentrates a poison, called tetrodotoxin, in certain parts of its body such as the liver, skin, gonads and the viscera. Tetrodotoxin is a powerful neurotoxin. This defensive system constitutes an additional device to dissuade the potential predators.[2]

Distribution & habitat

The porcupinefish is found in all the tropical and subtropical waters of the world, including the Mediterranean Sea.[3]

Juveniles are pelagic up to the time that they are about 20 cm in length. Adults favour lagoons, top reefs and seaward coral or rocky reefs from one to 50 m depth, sheltering under ledges or in caves during the day.[4]

Feeding

The porcupinefish's diet is based on Sea urchins, gastropods and crustaceans.[5]

Behavior

This fish is solitary, except during mating periods, it has a nocturnal activity with a maximal activity at sunset and sunrise.

Parasites

Cysts of the trypanorhynch Molicola horridus in the liver of a porcupinefish

As most fish, the porcupinefish is infected by a variety of parasites. Spectacular parasites are the cysts of the larvae of the trypanorhynch cestode Molicola horridus, often found in great numbers in the liver.[6] These parasites are not appetizing, but represent no danger to humans.

References

  1. ↑ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/1022
  2. ↑ Grignard JC, Mitel C, in : DORIS, 2/9/2012: Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758, http://doris.ffessm.fr/fiche2.asp?fiche_numero=2379
  3. ↑ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/1022
  4. ↑ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/1022
  5. ↑ Leis, J.M., 2001. Diodontidae. Porcupine fishes (burrfishes). p. 3958-3965. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome.
  6. ↑ Beveridge, Ian; Bray, Rodney A.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "Diversity of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia". Parasite. 21: 60. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014060. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4234045Freely accessible. PMID 25402635.
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