Common Turkic Alphabet

The term Common Turkic Alphabet can refer to two different systems using the Latin alphabet to write various Turkic languages. The old system was developed in the Soviet Union and used in the 1930s; the current system is an alphabet with 34 letters recognized by the Turkic Council.[1] Its letters are as follows:

Common Turkic Alphabet
Upper Case A Ä B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N Ñ O Ö P Q R S Ş T U Ü V W X Y Z
Lower Case a ä b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n ñ o ö p q r s ş t u ü v w x y z

Grapheme-Phoneme correspondences

The orthographies of Turkic languages are largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be determined from its spelling. For example, Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation can almost always be determined by its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords such as proper names. The letters representing vowel sounds in Turkic languages are, in alphabetical order, a, ä and e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü.[2]

Primary graphemes of Turkic languages in alphabets based on the modern Common Turkic Alphabet (CTA)
Common A Ă Ä Ë E B C Ç J D F G Ğ Ģ H X I İ K Ķ Q L M N Ņ Ñ O Ö P R S Š Ş Ț T U Ü V W Y Z Ž
Turkish A - - - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - - I İ K - - L - M N - - O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V - Y Z -
Tatar A - Ä - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V W Y Z -
Azeri A - Ə - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - - O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V - Y Z -
Turkmen A - Ä - E B J Ç Ž D - F G - - H - - Y I K - - L - M N - Ň O Ö P R - S Ş - T U Ü W - Ý - Z
Kazakh A - Ä E E B - Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş C T U Ü V W Y Z -
Uzbek A O A - E B - CH J D - F G - H - X - I K - Q L - M N - NG P R S - SH - T U - V - Y Z -
Uyghur A - E - Ë B J CH ZH D - F G GH - H - X - I K - Q L - M N - NG O Ö P R S - SH - T U Ü V - Y Z -
Bashkir A - Ә - E B - Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S C Ş - T U Ü V W Y Z Ź
Kumyk A - - - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V W Y Z -
Gagauz A - Ä - E B C Ç J D - F G - - H - - I İ K - - L - M N - - O Ö P R S - Ş Ţ T U Ü V - Y Z -
Karachay-Balkar A - Ä - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - - I İ K Ķ Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V W Y Z -
Crimean Tatar A - - - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - - I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V - Y Z -
Salar A - - - E B C Ç J D - F G Ğ - H - X I İ K - Q L - M N - Ñ O Ö P R S - Ş - T U Ü V - Y Z -
Arabic

أ

ع

ء

ء

أ

ب

ج

چ

ژ

د

ڏ

ف

گ

ݝ

غ

ه

ح

خ

إ

إ

ك

ٯ

ق

ل

ڵ

م

ن

ڠ

ڭ

ۆ

ۆ

پ

ر

س

ث

ش

ڞ

ت

ٱ

ٱ

ۋ

و

ي

ز

ذ

Cyrillic А Ӑ Ә Є Е Б Җ Ч Ж Д Ӡ Ф Г Ғ Ӷ Һ Ҳ Х Ы И К Қ Ҡ Л Љ М Н Њ Ң О Ө П Р С Ҫ Ш Ц Т У Ү В Ў Й З Ҙ
IPA /ɑ/ /ɒ/ /æ/ /je/ /e/ /b/ /d͡ʒ/ /t͡ʃ/ /ʒ/ /d/ /d͡z/ /f/ /ɡ/ /ɣ/ /ʕ/ /h/ /ħ/ /x/ /ɯ/ /i/ /k/ /q/ /q/ /ɢ/ /l/ /ɫ/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/ /o/ /ø/ /p/ /r/ /s/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /t͡s/ /t/ /u/ /y/ /v/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ð/
1. Ää=Əə=Эə 2. Č=J 3. Š=Ť and Ž=Ď 4. Ț=T+S and =D+Z 5. =ص and =ض 6. =ط and Ż=ظ
7. Long: Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û. 8. Soft: Ă, Ĕ, Ĭ, Ŏ, Ŭ. 9. Thin: Grave (ˋ) - Consonant letters

Non-Turkic (Slavic or Arabic) Letters

Examples of Latin Turkic alphabets 1922-1940

In the USSR

The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used letters from Jaꞑalif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet. The uniform alphabet utilized Latin letters, excluding "w". Some additional letters were also introduced into the alphabet.

Uniform Turkic Alphabet
A B C Ç D E Ə F G Ƣ H X İ J K Q L M N O Ɵ P R S Ş T U Y V Z Ƶ Ь
a b c ç d e ə f g ƣ h x i j k q l m n o ɵ p r s ş t u y v z ƶ ь

Bibliography

References

  1. Türk Keneş ve Türk Dünyasının 34 Harfli Ortak Alfabe Sistemi - Abdülvahap Kara
  2. The vowel represented by ı is also commonly transcribed as ɨ in linguistic literature.
  3. ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ПИСЬМА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИХ ТЮРКОВ, Мансур Рахбари (Южный Азербайджан, Иран), Bextiyartuncay. Э(ə) harfi için örnek - "э(ə)СРи : леорард ( Китаб аль – Идрак ли – Лисан аль – Атрак ), тигр (Махмуд Кашгари)"
  4. Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language KNAB: Kohanimeandmebaas / Place Names Database, Taadi / Tat / Жугьури Džuhuri latinisatsioon / romanization: KNAB 2012-09-30 - Notes-2: "In the earlier Azerbaijani Cyrillic there were variations: ə (= э)."
  5. Examples: Ämäk/Эmək/Əmək, Ämir/Эmir/Əmir, Äsas/Əsas/Эsas...
  6. Ilya Yevlampiev, Karl Pentzlin and Nurlan Joomagueldinov, N4072 Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, 20 May 2011.
  7. Janka Stankievic. Mova rukapisu Al Kitab. Casc I. Fonetyka. New York 1954
  8. Вольскі В. Асноўныя прынцыпы арабскай транскрыпцыі беларускага тэксту ў "Кітабах". "Узвышша" 1927. №6
  9. Lorna A. Priest, Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Characters for Uighur Latin Alphabet, 2005
  10. Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino ", La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 5, La scrittura: funzioni e ideologie. (Apr., 1982), pp. 75–85.
  11. Ulutaş, İsmail. 2004. Relative clauses in Gagauz syntax. Istanbul: Isis Press. ISBN 975-428-283-8
  12. Negruzzi, Constantin, Studii asupra limbei române, in vol. "Alexandru Lăpuşneanul", Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1969.

External links

See also

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