Chemcatcher

Chemcatcher deployment kit

Chemcatcher® is a highly versatile and cost-effective passive sampling device for monitoring a wide variety of pollutants in water. Most monitoring programmes involve the periodic collection of low volume spot samples (bottle or grab) of water, which is challenging, particularly where levels fluctuate over time and when chemicals are only present at trace, yet toxicologically relevant concentrations. The Chemcatcher® passive sampling device is currently being used throughout the world to measure time-weighted average (TWA) or equilibrium concentrations of a wide range of pollutants in water.[1] This allows the end user to obtain a more representative picture of the chemicals that may be present in the aquatic environment. The Chemcatcher® concept was developed[2][3] by Professors Richard Greenwood and Graham Mills at the University of Portsmouth, together with colleagues from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. The device is patented[4][5] in a number of countries and the name is a registered trademark in the United Kingdom.[6]

Chemcatcher® comprises a robust, reusable three-component a low-cost, three component, water-tight PTFE body. Two different designs are available to accommodate different types of commercially available 47 mm diameter receiving phase disks:

Chemcatcher kit

The use of quality-controlled, commercially available receiving phases allow high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices. The bound receiving phase also ensures that the active sampling area of the device remains constant during laboratory or field calibration uptake experiments and in field deployments. By altering the combination of receiving phase and diffusion-limiting membrane (low-density polyethylene, polyethersulphone or cellulose acetate), you can monitor potable, surface , coastal and marine environment. The sampler can be deployed in the field for extended periods of time ranging from days to weeks. The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers and these are retained on the receiving phase disk. After retrieval from the environment the pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory using conventional instrumental methods. In order to obtain TWA concentrations the sampler must first be calibrated in the laboratory so as to ascertain the uptake rate (usually measured as the volume of water cleared per unit time i.e. L/h for the analyte) of the pollutant of interest. The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments; however, most work to date has been in monitoring the TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters.[19][20][21]

The use of passive sampling devices,[22][23] such as the Chemcatcher®, and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS), have a number of advantages over the use of spot or bottle sampling for monitoring pollutants in the aquatic environment. The latter technique gives only an instantaneous concentration of the pollutant as the specific time of sampling. Passive samplers, depending on their mode of use can give either the TWA or equilibrium concentration of the pollutant over the deployment period. The measurement of TWA concentrations give a better indication of the long-term environmental conditions and enables improved risk assessment. Such devices have potential roles in monitoring programmes such as those underpinning the European Union’s Water Framework Directive[24] and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. An ISO standard concerning the use of passive samplers for the determination of priority pollutants in surface waters is available for end users of this technology.[25]

More information on the Chemcatcher® passive sampling device and ongoing research activities can be found at http://www.port.ac.uk/research/chemcatcher/

References

  1. ↑ see entry on Permissible exposure limit for contextual definition of TWA
  2. ↑ Kingston J, Greenwood R, Mills GA, Morrison GM, Björklund-Persson L (2000). "Development of a novel passive sampling system for the timed-averaged measurement of a range of organic pollutants in aquatic environments". J Environ Monit. 2: 487–495. doi:10.1039/b003532g.
  3. ↑ Björklund L, Morrison GM, Friemann JU, Kingston J, Mills GA, Greenwood R (2001). "Diffusional behaviour of metals in a passive sampling system for monitoring aquatic pollution". J Environ Monit. 3: 639–645. doi:10.1039/b107959j. PMID 11785639.
  4. ↑ Greenwood, R; Kingston J; Mills GA; Morrison G; Björklund-Persson L. "Design and application of passive sampling device for the timed-average measurement of organic compounds in the aquatic environment". UK Patent No 2353860: Granted February 2004.
  5. ↑ Greenwood, R; Kingston J; Mills GA; Morrison G; Björklund-Persson L. "Design and application of passive sampling device for the timed-average measurement of organic compounds in the aquatic environment". US Patent Application No. 10/069351: Granted June 2006.
  6. ↑ Intellectual Property Office. "Case details for Trade Mark 2450451". Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  7. ↑ Moschet, Christoph; Vermeirssen, Etiënne L. M.; Singer, Heinz; Stamm, Christian; Hollender, Juliane (2015-03-15). "Evaluation of in-situ calibration of Chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers". Water Research. 71: 306–317. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.043. ISSN 1879-2448. PMID 25647166.
  8. ↑ Gunold, Roman; Schäfer, Ralf Bernhard; Paschke, Albrecht; Schüürmann, Gerrit; Liess, Matthias (2008-09-01). "Calibration of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring selected polar and semi-polar pesticides in surface water". Environmental Pollution. 155 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.037.
  9. ↑ Schäfer, Ralf Bernhard; Paschke, Albrecht; Vrana, Branislav; Mueller, Ralf; Liess, Matthias (2008-05-01). "Performance of the Chemcatcher passive sampler when used to monitor 10 polar and semi-polar pesticides in 16 Central European streams, and comparison with two other sampling methods". Water Research. 42 (10-11): 2707–2717. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.023. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 18313096.
  10. ↑ Shaw, Melanie; Eaglesham, Geoff; Mueller, Jochen F. (2009-03-01). "Uptake and release of polar compounds in SDB-RPS Empore™ disks; implications for their use as passive samplers". Chemosphere. 75 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.072.
  11. ↑ Vrana, Branislav; Mills, Graham A.; Leonards, Pim E. G.; Kotterman, Michiel; Weideborg, Mona; Hajslová, Jana; Kocourek, Vladimír; Tomaniová, Monika; Pulkrabová, Jana (2010-04-01). "Field performance of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for monitoring hydrophobic organic pollutants in surface water". Journal of environmental monitoring: JEM. 12 (4): 863–872. doi:10.1039/b923073d. ISSN 1464-0333. PMID 20383367.
  12. ↑ Aguilar-Martínez, Rocío; Gómez-Gómez, M. Milagros; Greenwood, Richard; Mills, Graham A.; Vrana, Branislav; Palacios-Corvillo, María A. (2009-02-15). "Application of Chemcatcher passive sampler for monitoring levels of mercury in contaminated river water". Talanta. 77 (4): 1483–1489. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.09.037. ISSN 1873-3573. PMID 19084668.
  13. ↑ Allan, Ian J.; Knutsson, Jesper; Guigues, Nathalie; Mills, Graham A.; Fouillac, Anne-Marie; Greenwood, Richard (2007-07-01). "Evaluation of the Chemcatcher and DGT passive samplers for monitoring metals with highly fluctuating water concentrations". Journal of environmental monitoring: JEM. 9 (7): 672–681. doi:10.1039/b701616f. ISSN 1464-0325. PMID 17607387.
  14. ↑ Persson, L. B.; Morrison, G. M.; Friemann, J. U.; Kingston, J.; Mill, G.; Greenwood, R. (2001-12-01). "Diffusional behaviour of metals in a passive sampling system for monitoring aquatic pollution". Journal of environmental monitoring: JEM. 3 (6): 639–645. doi:10.1039/b107959j. ISSN 1464-0325. PMID 11785639.
  15. ↑ Knutsson, Jesper; Rauch, Sebastien; Morrison, Gregory M. "Performance of a passive sampler for the determination of time averaged concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in water". pubs.rsc.org. doi:10.1039/C3EM00038A. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  16. ↑ Aguilar-Martínez, R.; Palacios-Corvillo, M. A.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.; Vrana, B.; Gómez-Gómez, M. M. (2008-06-23). "Calibration and use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring organotin compounds in water". Analytica Chimica Acta. 618 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.052.
  17. ↑ Petersen, Jördis; Paschke, Albrecht; Gunold, Roman; Schüürmann, Gerrit. "Calibration of Chemcatcher® passive sampler for selected highly hydrophobic organic substances under fresh and sea water conditions". pubs.rsc.org. doi:10.1039/C4EW00043A. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  18. ↑ Vrana, Branislav; Mills, Graham A.; Dominiak, Ewa; Greenwood, Richard (2006-07-01). "Calibration of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for the monitoring of priority organic pollutants in water". Environmental Pollution. 142 (2): 333–343. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.033.
  19. ↑ Allan, IJ; Knutsson J; Guigues N; Mills GA; Fouillac A-M; Greenwood R (2008). "Chemcatcher® and DGT passive sampling devices for regulatory monitoring of trace metals in surface water". J Environ Monit. 10: 821–829. doi:10.1039/b802581a.
  20. ↑ Vrana, B; Mills GA; Leonards PEG; Kotterman M; Weideborg M; Hajslova J; Kocourek V; Tomaniova M; Pulkrabova J; Suchanova M; Hajkova K; Herve S; Ahkola H; Greenwood R (2010). "Field performance of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for monitoring hydrophobic organic pollutants in surface water". J Environ Monit. 12: 863–872. doi:10.1039/b923073d. PMID 20383367.
  21. ↑ Allan, IJ; Booij K; Paschke A; Vrana B; Mills GA; Greenwood R (2009). "Field performance of seven passive sampling devices for monitoring of hydrophobic substances". Environ Sci and Technol. 43: 5383–5390. doi:10.1021/es900608w.
  22. ↑ Greenwood R, Mills G and Vrana B, ed. (2007). Passive sampling techniques in environmental monitoring (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series, D Barcelo (series ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-444-52225-2. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)|url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/711413/description#description
  23. ↑ Vrana, B; et al. (2005). "Passive sampling techniques for monitoring of pollutants in water (Review Article)". TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 24: 845–868. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2005.06.006.
  24. ↑ Allan, IJ; Vrana B; Greenwood R; Mills GA; Roig B; Gonzalez C (2006). "A "toolbox" for biological and chemical monitoring requirements for the European Union's Water Framework Directive (Review Article)". Talanta. 69: 302–322. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.043.
  25. ↑ "Water quality – sampling. Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters. ISO 5667-23:2011.". Retrieved 21 September 2011.

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