Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro

Avandaro
Genre Rock and folk, including jazz-rock, blues-rock, folk rock, latin rock, experimental rock and psychedelic rock styles.
Dates September 11–12, 1971
Location(s) Tenantongo, Valle de Bravo, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Years active Original festival held in 1971
Founded by Luis de Llano Macedo, Justino Compean and brothers Alfonso and Eduardo Lopez Negrete (President).

The Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro (also known as the Festival de Avándaro or simply Avándaro) was a historic Mexican rock festival held on September 11–12, 1971, on the shores of Lake Avándaro near the Avándaro Golf Club, in a hamlet called Tenantongo, near the town of Valle de Bravo in the central State of Mexico. The festival, organized by brothers Eduardo and Alfonso Lopez Negrete's company Promotora Go, Coca-Cola executive and sports impresario Justino Compean and Telesistema Mexicano producer Luis de Llano Macedo, took place at the height of La Onda and celebrated life, youth, ecology, music, peace and free love,[1][2] has been compared to the American Woodstock festival[3] for its psychedelic music, counterculture imagery and artwork, and open drug use. A milestone in the history of Mexican rock music, the festival was estimated to have drawn from 100,000 to 500,000 concertgoers.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

Originally to present 12 bands booked by music impresarios Waldo Tena and Armando Molina Solis' agency ArTe, due to the massive number of attendees a total of 18 acts performed outdoors during the sometimes rainy weekend[10] and the event was captured in film by Telesistema Mexicano, Cablevision, Peliculas Candiani and audio by Polydor Records. Images of the festival were captured by photographers like Graciela Iturbide, Pedro Meyer and others.

The Super 8 short films Avándaro[11] produced by Gutiérrez y Prieto of Cablevision and directed by Alfredo Gurrola and Tinta Blanca en Avándaro produced by Raul Candiani of Peliculas Candiani and directed by Humberto Rubalcaba were the only films briefly exhibited at international film festivals and theaters between 1971 and 1973. An accompanying soundtrack with a selection of the live recording produced by Luis de Llano's company LUDELL/BAKITA Records and named Avandaro, por fin... 32 años después (Avandaro, at last...32 years later), was released until 2003.[12]

Before Avandaro: Massive events, student repression and La Onda

By 1971 Mexico, ruled by the PRI, had organized two of the most important sporting events in the world: the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1968 Summer Olympics, gaining a fresh and modern image its government wanted to show to the outside world. At the same time, its government had violently repressed political youth movements known as the Tlatelolco massacre and the Halconazo, which in turn gave way to the so-called Mexican Dirty War of the early 1970s.[13]

The Mexican hippies, called "jipitecas" by Catholic priest and scholar Enrique Marroquin,[14] created a multidisciplinary movement called La Onda (The wave). In accordance to their hippie values, La Onda did not advocate a violent overthrow of the PRI, but it did advocate change. By 1969 the government had already banned the musical Hair after a unique performance of it in Acapulco, censuring the rock band Los Shakes (which included stars Pixie Hopkin,[15] Mayita Campos and Nono Zaldivar),[16] investigating impresario Alfredo Elias Calles (grandson of late president Plutarco Elias Calles) and deporting foreign actors and producers like Michael Butler, Gerome Ragni and James Rado. Such actions were heavily covered by local and American media like The New York Times and Time.[17][18][19][20][21] Writer Carlos Monsivais, who witnessed the event, wrote an extensive article about the incident in his book Dias de guardar.[22] Also in 1969, the band Pop Music Team had suffered censorship due to their hit "Tlatelolco" (which only had two weeks of radio airplay)[23] and in February 1971 in Monterrey, a collective band called Sierra Madre, led by Teja Cunningham, and a state-of-the-art lights spectacle named "Music and light show" had faced repression after a failed attempt to hold a three-day concert, called Concierto Blanco (white concert) inside the State government palace in Monterrey's main square. The violent incidents after the White concert, which were extensively covered by the media, seriously damaged then Nuevo Leon governor Eduardo Elizondo's political career.[24]

News from Cuba (Varadero '70), Colombia (Festival de Ancon), Argentina (Festival Buenos Aires Rock),[25] Chile (Festival de los Dominicos "Piedra Roja"),[26] England (Isle of Wight) and films from American festivals like "Monterey Pop" and "Woodstock" fueled the desire for the jipitecas to host their own major counterculture event. The opportunity arrived in the spring of 1971.

History

Trying to resurrect their popular auto racing spot, Circuito Avándaro, after being cancelled in 1969 as a result of the fatal accident of racing driver Moisés Solana, Promotora Go owners brothers Eduardo and Alfonso López Negrete in partnership with Coca-Cola executive and sports impresario Justino Compeán decided to organize a major auto race[27] and consulted then Telesistema Mexicano promoter Luis de Llano Macedo to video-record the motoring event and to hire Javier Bátiz and La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata, two of the most popular Mexican rock acts of the time, for a high-class Noche Mexicana party the night before. Luis de Llano was at the time producing a section named La onda de Woodstock in the Jacobo Zabludovsky's program Domingo a Domingo (Sunday to Sunday). De Llano assembled a team of around 330 individuals to organize the music part of the festival, among them reporter Jaime Almeida, screenwriter Armando Molina Solis, publicist Carlos Alazraki, and MCs Roberto Naranjo and Eduardo Davis.[28] Molina, himself an impresario and musician from La Maquina del Sonido fame, was appointed Music Coordinator.[29] The music coordination was in the hands of the company ArTe, owned by Molina and Waldo Tena (of Los rebeldes del Rock fame). As the two desired rock acts declined the invitation Molina booked 12 bands, and the event was renamed by de Llano as Festival de rock y ruedas (Festival of rock and wheels); one night the music and one day the auto race. Mexican American designer Joe Vera was hired to design the official poster and tickets were sold at MX$25.[30] Jacobo Zabludovsky heavily supported and promoted the festival in his daily news program "24hrs" and he was one of the few mainstream broadcasters to defend it in its aftermath.[31]

The venue

Expectations

As was reported in the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, a maximum of 25,000 attendees, 122 pilots with their staff (with their number expected to reduce after the technical inspections) and 12 Mexican bands with a possible last-minute inclusion of American bands to bolster the event were expected. The bands were going to play from Saturday 7pm to Sunday 7am, making way for the auto race to start in public roads around the lake. 2 weeks before the event, the 5 hotels in town were already booked.[32] In the TV Azteca documentary "Historias Engarzadas: Alex Lora" Alex Lora explained that this possible "inclusion of American bands" was going to be a surprise visit by Santana.

Lighting and sound systems

Héctor Yaber from Telesistema Mexicano was in charge of the lighting system and Gustavo Cota from the company Audiorama S.A. of the PA system. All equipments were transported by the company Mudanzas Galván of José C. Galván Castro.

Security

The security was going to be in charge of the State of Mexico's Judicial Police chief Cuauhtémoc Cardenas, who was going to receive support from 200 state troopers, 120 army troops and 50 Special Agents from the Secretariat of the Interior. Nevertheless, reports of the total amount of security agents were mixed.Variety reported a total of 700 law-enforcement agents.[32][33]

Terms between the organizers and mayor Montes de Oca

The festival president Eduardo Lopez Negrete and Valle de Bravo's then-mayor Juan Montes de Oca Loza agreed that no liquor was going to be sold. Beer would be sold only with a meal.[32] In an in-depth radio/video interview with radio host Rafael Catana, Armando Molina stated that mayor Montes de Oca suggested to Valle de Bravo's inhabitants to be polite with the hippie crowd as they felt being overwhelmed by the excessive numbers of them. In the end not a single Valle de Bravo inhabitant complained about the hippies.

Cancellation of the auto race

Early Saturday morning it was decided, as stated by Alfonso Lopez Negrete, in an on-site interview made by a Telesistema Mexicano, to cancel the auto race due to the quantity of festival attendees which surpassed all expectations.[34]

The Circuito Avandaro auto-race was going to be suspended for decades to come since authorities tied the sport with massive crowds.[35]

The music

Pre-festival

As stated by Armando Nava, Alex Lora and De Llano in the "Memorias de un cierto dia: Avandaro" documentary, tens of thousands of jipitecas were already on-site so activities started September 9 (Thursday) with special shows and even some brief concerts some bands like El Amor, Dug Dug's and Three Souls in my Mind offered while at the same time doing their sound-check for Saturday. By Saturday 11 at 6AM, hundreds of thousands of attendees were already on-site so Molina and De Llano decided to formally start the festival with a "Pre-festival". The acts which performed were:

Festival

La Fachada de Piedra concluded their act at ca. 5pm. After a brief pause the festival resumed as follows:

At around Sunday 9am, Three Souls in my Mind finished their act and the massive exodus started.

Festival development

As stated by Armando Molina in the official soundtrack (narration part)[36] and by his then assistant Jaime Almeida,[37] the whole festival was held in peace with the only problem being that the attendees destroyed the barricade and invaded reserved areas of the light towers and even the stage. In the official soundtrack desperate calls for order from Molina's assistant Roberto Naranjo and band members from Dug Dug's, El Epilogo, and Peace and Love can be heard. At one point, an attendee fainted and Tequila's world-class Mexican-American singer, Maricela Durazo, ordered the crowd to take good care and protect her. As many thousands of jipitecas were on-site since Friday 10, co-organizer Luis de Llano stated the famous phrase: "They survived for three days sharing rain and mud; that was in attempt to have an identity."[38]

Francisco Martinez Gallardo, chief of the medical team and voluntaries of the improvised in-site hospital stated: "There was one case of acute appendicitis, 20 intoxicated with pills, 50 with marijuana, 5 with alcoholic congestion, 5 cases of gastroenteritis and some with wounded heads, ankle fractures and burns."[39]

Exodus

President Luis Echeverria agreed to send 300 buses to pick up some of the attendees. The news were cheered with a rarely seen approval for a Mexican president from his country's youth. As one of the organizers yelled, with heavy use of slangs, through the audio system: "Lets cheer up Luis Echeverria, who is gonna send 300 buses of 50 seats each so we can go back...is a good guy that fella" (un aplauso para Luis Echeverría que nos va a mandar 300 camiones de 50 pasajeros para el regreso... a todo dar el chavo ese).[39] As can be seen in the Gurrola film, thousands upon thousands of hippies were walking from the site and many of them were overwhelming the buses.

Aftermath: Avandarazo and controversies

As can be heard in the soundtrack, the band Peace and Love performed the songs "Marihuana" and "We got the power," that were considered controversial to Mexican society. At the same time, Peace and Love front-man Ricardo Ochoa used some foul language in order to cheer up the crowd, echoing what Country Joe McDonald did at Woodstock. Since the festival was being broadcast live through Radio Juventud and relay stations all over the country, some segments of society took this as a direct threat to the establishment ("Marihuana" for advocating open drug-use and "We got the power" for wrongly associating it with a possible popular uprising). The possible association of jipitecas with subversive and radical political movements is what caused the so-called Avandarazo.[40][41]

In the aftermath of the post-festival turmoil, several interviewed Avandaro attendees declared that the whole festival was held in peace and not a single major accident happened[42] but Moya Palencia, then Secretary of the Interior, accused the organizers of acting with intent and Carlos Hank González, then governor of the State of Mexico, condemned the festival's organizers and in his own defense stated that "They were given permission to perform a sporting event, but instead presented a rock festival"[43][44] but, as stated by Armando Fuentes Aguirre Caton, his political opponents took this as an opportunity to destroy his presidential aspirations.[45][46]

Opinions from the world of politics, religion and academia were deeply divided. While influential university professors and La Onda writers such as Parménides García and José Agustín, mostly gave the festival a positive review,[47] and some intellectuals like Paco Ignacio Taibo I, Elena Poniatowska (herself an attendee), Octavio Paz and José Emilio Pacheco gave a fairly positive evaluation too,[48] others criticized it negatively like Roberto Blanco Moheno and Eduardo "Rius" del Rio. Writer and political activist Carlos Monsiváis initially gave the festival a negative review but changed his mind soon afterwards.[49] As Guadalajara Cardinal José Garibi y Rivera condemned it,[50] popular liberal priest and festival attendee Enrique Marroquin praised it, publishing in Piedra Rodante a controversial article in its defense called "God wants the rain so we can unite."[51] There was also a notable incident at La Profesa, when during mass in homage to Mexico's Independence figure Agustin de Iturbide, a group of about 250 individuals belonging to a conservative civil movement left the building in protest as mass was being served by Monsignor Rafael Vazquez Corona, a strong supporter of the festival.[52] Monsignor Vazquez Corona was then heavily criticized by then rector of the University of Guadalajara, Dr. Garibay Gutiérrez, in his 1972 book about the festival "El gran desafio: Volver a pensar".[53]

Union leader Fidel Velazquez simply called the festival "a Bacchanalia", Attorney General Ojeda Paullada labelled it as a "witches' Sabbath" and President of the Senate, Enrique Olivares Santana, yelled in a press conference: "Let there be no more Avandaros in the republic!". Finally and under pressure, president Luis Echeverría made a strong statement against the festival, saying: "While we regret and condemn the phenomenon of Avándaro, it also encourages us in our belief that only a small part of our youth are in favor of such acts and entertainment."[54]

President Echeverria then proceeded to crack down La Onda. Some early 1970s hit-songs like "Avandaro" from Rosario, "Seguir al sol" by Pajaro Alberto and others which commemorated the event, were banned from radio air play,[55][56][57][58] Radio Juventud DJs Félix Ruano Mendez, Jaime Marin and Agustín Meza de la Peña were temporarily suspended but, contrary to popular belief, they were not terminated.[59][60] On the other hand, the influential Piedra Rodante magazine was indeed terminated in early 1972[61][62][63] and festival co-organizer Justino Compean left the country for a while.[64]

The band Tinta Blanca and other rock musicians tried unsuccessfully to hold a meeting with president Echeverria with a famous protest outside Los Pinos. After a short time the protest was peacefully dissolved.[65]

Films and TV

Short film

Documentaries

TV specials

The festival in documentaries about Mexican rock

Documentaries in production

The festival in movies and TV shows

The Telenovelas (soap operas)

In May 2009 and then in May 2014, Luis de Llano, of Televisa, formally announced that he was preparing a soap opera with the Avándaro festival as its background.[89][90]

Literature exclusively about Avandaro

Books

Comics

Magazines

Among many others, the most notorious ones were:

Soundtracks

Live soundtrack

Other soundtracks

Curiosities

La encuerada de Avandaro

In spite the spirit of the age and that many people were completely naked swimming in the lake, walking in the middle of the crowd or even on stage without a problem as can be seen in the film, one woman, as the band La Division del Norte was playing, performed a striptease and caught the attention of the cameras. Her strip-tease was captured in the Gurrola film and shots of her appeared in many other media. When the footage and pictures were shown, the public baptized the woman as La encuerada(the naked woman).[102] The woman was interviewd on-site by Elena Poniatowska;[103] however, another interview, thought to have been real for decades, was published in the rock magazine Piedra Rodante in late 1971.[104] In 2001, a bitter dispute between the owner of Piedra Rodante Manuel Aceves and then collaborator and music critic Oscar Sarquiz about the veracity of the interview took place in La Jornada newspaper.[105] Finally, it was confirmed by Federico Rubli and further explained in the TV Azteca documentary that the interview was completely bogus.[106] A few years after the festival the band Three Souls in my Mind composed a song called La encuerada de Avandaro which would become a hit in the underground movement.[102]

The lost Telesistema Mexicano videotapes

Shot by Telesistema Mexicano cameramen under direction of Carlos Alazraki, those tapes were destined to become part of the planned TV special but were confiscated by their own company as soon as Luis de Llano showed up for work. Some footage of these tapes has been released since 1971 in movies and documentaries. In a 2001 interview, Luis de Llano recalled this situation and stated that may he find the tapes he will produce a movie with them though it is widely believed that they were sent to a storage in Tijuana, and that years later the whole place burnt out. He also made clear that, contrary to popular belief, the Secretariat of the Interior did not confiscate the tapes.[107] An independent investigation, as shown in the Las glorias de Avandaro documentary, made as a request through the Federal Institute of access to information (IFAI) produced the official document proving that, indeed, the government did not confiscate the tapes.

Booked acts who failed to show up

Acts who declined to participate

Legacy

The festival remains a controversial issue in Mexican society.[109] After the festival, Mexican rock music was almost banned and was segregated to the so-called Hoyos Funkies, illegal gatherings in abandoned warehouses and supported mostly by the proletariat. A few years after the festival the hippie movement around the world collapsed and Mexico's La Onda was no exception, giving way to the ascension of other music genres of the mid-1970s such as Disco, Urban rock, Punk, Romantic Ballads, Heavy Metal, Progressive rock and, exclusively in the Mexican scene, the Rupestre movement championed by Rockdrigo Gonzalez.[110][111]

The world-class quality of the bands that participated is generally praised and while the festival is little by little being acknowledged by official publications from respected institutions such as INEGI and COLMEX [112][113] is still not completely accepted as part of the official Mexican history class, but it's often regarded as a milestone in the history of rock music, the hippie movement and post-WWII Mexican society in general.[114][115]

Photographer Pedro Meyer, himself an Avandaro attendee, produced a collection named Avandaro 1971.[116]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Jimenez Izquierdo, Juan (12 December 2011). "Avandaro, mas que drogas y desnudos". El Universal. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  2. ↑ Monsivais, Carlos (2004). "Would So Many Millions of People Not End Up Speaking English?: The North American Culture and Mexico". In Sarto, Ana del; Ríos, Alicia; Trigo, Abril. The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader. Duke UP. pp. 203–32. ISBN 9780822333401.
  3. ↑ Kramer, Michael J. (2013). The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture. Oxford UP. pp. 220–. ISBN 9780195384864.
  4. ↑ Anaya, Vicente; et al. (1971). Avandaro: Aliviane o Movida?. Extemporaneos. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Rodriguez Florez, Juan (5 November 2004). "El sumo sacerdote del rock". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  6. ↑ Azul del Olmo, Luis Castaneda (2 January 2012). "De Avandaro al Vive Latino". Excelsior. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  7. ↑ Zolov, Eric. "La Onda Chicana: Mexico's Forgotten Rock Counterculture". In Hernandez, Deborah Pancini; l'Hoeste, Héctor D. Fernández; Zolov, Eric. Rockin' Las Américas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America. U of Pittsburgh P. pp. 22––42. ISBN 9780822972556.
  8. ↑ ,, Colin M. MacLachlan, William H. Beezley. El Gran Pueblo: a history of greater Mexico. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  9. ↑ Rubli Kaiser, Federico (16 September 2011). "Avándaro 1971: A 40 Años de Woodstock en Valle de Bravo". Nexos.
  10. ↑ Nava Durand, Pepe Nayeli (10 September 2011). "Lo que siempre quiso saber de Avandaro". El Universal. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  11. ↑ IMDB. "Avandaro". Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  12. ↑ Cruz Barcenas, Arturo (7 August 2003). "Presentarán disco con 12 temas que se tocaron en Avándaro en 1971". La Jornada. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  13. ↑ Forero, Juan (22 November 2006). "Details of Mexico's Dirty Wars From 1960s to 1980s Released". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  14. ↑ Marroquin, Enrique (1975). La contracultura como protesta (First ed.). Mexico: Ed. Joaquín Mortiz.
  15. ↑ "Pixie Hopkin". IMDB. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  16. ↑ Goff, Charlie (5 November 2013). "Pixie: A versatile star.". The News. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "Gerome Ragni; Co-Wrote Broadway Musical "Hair"". L.A. Times. 15 July 1991. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  18. ↑ Dowling, Colette (May 1971). "Hair - Trusting the Kids and the Stars". Playbill. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  19. ↑ Rebolledo, Anituy (30 August 2012). "Acapulco y Elvis.". El Sur. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Butler, Michael (12 December 1969). "Hairzapoppin'". TIME. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "Mexico shuts hair and expels its cast after one showing". The New York Times. 88. January 6, 1969. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  22. ↑ Monsivais, Carlos (1970). Dias de Guardar (First ed.). Mexico: Era. ISBN 9684111886.
  23. ↑ Krauze, Enrique (1999). Yo no era rebelde, Rock mexicano 1957-1971. Mexico: ClioTV.
  24. ↑ Teja Cunningham, Alfonso (February 2011). "40 años del Concierto Blanco". La Quincena. 88. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  25. ↑ Garcia Villegas, Juan José (2005). "Ancón 71, el festival hippie del amor y la paz". El colombiano. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  26. ↑ Munoz, Arturo Alejandro (18 March 2014). "Piedra Roja, el 'Woodstock' chileno que los abuelos de hoy tratan de ocultar y que el viejo milicaje fascista tiembla al recordarlo". Kaos en la red. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  27. ↑ Ochoa, Raúl (September 3, 2006). "Las andanzas de Compeán". Proceso. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  28. ↑ Almeida, Jaime (11 September 2011). "Avándaro: 40 años de mito y leyenda". Las Tres y un cuarto. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  29. ↑ Hernandez, Ricardo (10 September 2011). "Avándaro, a 40 años de distancia". El sol de Mexico. Organizacion Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  30. ↑ Roma, Tiziana. "Joe Vera: El logo de una ciudad naciente". Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  31. ↑ Amador, Diana. "Jacobo Zabludovsky: con Dios y con el diablo". Diez4. Diez4. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 "Mexican village set for youths". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 11 September 1971. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  33. ↑ Zolov, Eric (1999). Refried Elvis. USA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520215141.
  34. ↑ Castellanos G., Ernesto (11 September 2011). "Avándaro, a 39 años". Esto. OEM. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  35. ↑ Jalife Villalon, Carlos E. (September 2006). "Avándaro: primera pista internacional mexicana y último concierto masivo del siglo XX". Scuderia Hnos. Rodriguez (22). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  36. ↑ Molina, Armando (2003). Por fin...32 años después. Mexico: Bakita-Ludell Records.
  37. ↑ Almeida, Jaime (7 July 2011). "Avándaro: 40 años de mito y leyenda". Milenio. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  38. ↑ Pepe Navar, Nayeli Durand (10 September 2011). "Lo que siempre quiso saber de Avandaro". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  39. 1 2 "A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  40. ↑ Rock, Chava. "Aváaaandaroooooooooo. A 39 años del festival más grande de México". Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  41. ↑ Gutierrez Galaviz, Julio (15 September 2014). "A 43 años del 'Avandarazo'". EXPRESO. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  42. ↑ Arana, Federico (1986). Guaraches de ante azul. Mexico: Ed. Posada. ISBN 9786076100196. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  43. ↑ Ochoa, Raul (3 September 2006). "Las andanzas de Compean". Proceso. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  44. ↑ Luna Pérez, Sandra (9 September 2007). "Avandaro: Del exhorto a la censura" (PDF). Excelsior. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  45. ↑ Fuentes Aguirre Caton, Armando (12 September 2011). "Lo que hizo el rock" (PDF). Frontera. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  46. ↑ "Catón remembers 40th anniversary of Mexico's Woodstock, Avándaro". Mexico Perspective. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  47. ↑ Martinez Rodriguez, Jorge. "Opinan profesores de la Universidad". Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  48. ↑ Schelonka (edited by Alejandro Madrid and Ignacio Corona), Greg (2008). RockIn' La Frontera (from the book Postnational Musical Identities) (1st ed.). Lexington Books. pp. 151–173. ISBN 0-7391-1821-8. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Figueroa, Fernando (11 September 2011). "Avandaro segun tres Monsivais". El Universal. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  50. ↑ "Enérgica condena al festival de musica y vicio, en Avandaro". El Informador. Excélsior. 15 September 1971. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  51. ↑ Marroquin, Enrique (30 October 1971). "Dios quiere que llueva para unirnos". Piedra Rodante. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  52. ↑ "Exaltacion de Iturbide como autor de la consumacion de la Independencia.". El Informador. Excelsior. 27 September 1971. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  53. ↑ Garibay Gutiérrez, Luis (1972). El gran desafio: Volver a pensar. (1st ed.). ITESO: UAG. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  54. ↑ Bizbera, Andrea. "Cifras con historia". Los hijos de la Malinche. REFORMA. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  55. ↑ Poniatowska, Elena (18 November 2007). "El poeta Alberto Blanco". La Jornada. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  56. ↑ Doggett, Peter (4 October 2007). There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture (1st ed.). UK: Canongate Books Ltd. p. 431. ISBN 978-1847671141.
  57. ↑ Pilcher, Jeffrey M. (2002). The human tradition in Mexico. USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-0842029766. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  58. ↑ Lopez Segura, Eduardo (12 September 2013). "Avandaro y el festival de rock de 1971". Televisa. Noticieros Televisa. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  59. ↑ Galvan, Hugo (2013). Rock Impop (1st ed.). Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  60. ↑ Hernandez, Javier (13 September 2008). "Avándaro y la mentada que detuvo el tiempo". La Jornada. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  61. ↑ Cabrera Lopez, Patricia (2006). Una inquietud de amanecer (1st ed.). UNAM: UNAM. pp. 184–191. ISBN 970-722-485-1. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  62. ↑ Martinez, Jose Luis (9 February 2014). "Recuerdos de la inquisición". MILENIO. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  63. ↑ Martinez Renteria, Carlos (14 September 2001). "Desagravio a la Piedra Rodante". La Jornada. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  64. ↑ Molina, Armando (16 September 2006). "PLATOS LASER: El Festival de Rock y Ruedas en Avándaro, en el olvido". Proceso. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  65. ↑ Cortés., David (18 September 2014). "La vida despues de Avandaro". MILENIO. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  66. ↑ IMDB. "Luis Gutierrez y Prieto". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  67. ↑ IMDB. "Alfredo Gurrola". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  68. ↑ Garcia Michel, Sergio (1999). "Toward a fourth cinema". Wide Angle. 21 (3). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  69. ↑ Anuario de la producción cinematográfica mexicana 1972 (1st ed.). Banco Nacional Cinematográfico. 1972. p. 183. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  70. ↑ "Homenaje póstumo a Sergio García Michel". Cine Toma. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  71. ↑ "El cineasta independiente Sergio García Michel será recordado con retrospectiva y mucho rock". CONACULTA. CONACULTA. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  72. ↑ "Angela Reginato". IMDB. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  73. ↑ "Hoy Canal 9 presenta.". El Informador: 10–B. September 23, 1971. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  74. ↑ Neto, Tavo (20 September 2013). "De Avándaro a Johnny Laboriel". Vanguardia. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  75. ↑ Hidalgo, Juan Carlos (18 September 2013). "Avándaro y la Ceremonia de la música". MILENIO. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  76. ↑ Krauze, Enrique. "Yo no era un Rebelde: Rock mexicano 1957-1971". ClioTV. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  77. ↑ de la Parra, Fito. "Rock n Roll made in Mexico: From evolution to revolution". Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  78. ↑ "Los Jefes del Rock". IMDB. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  79. ↑ "Gimme the Power". IMDB. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
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