840s

Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	8th century – 9th century – 10th century
Decades:	810s 820s 830s – 840s – 850s 860s 870s
Years:	840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849
840s-related categories:	Births – Deaths – By country Establishments – Disestablishments

Events

Contents: 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849

840

By Place

Europe

June 20 – Emperor Louis the Pious falls ill and dies at his hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine near his imperial palace at Ingelheim, while suppressing a revolt. His eldest son Lothair I succeeds him as Holy Roman Emperor and tries to seize all the territories of the late Charlemagne. The 17-year-old Charles the Bald becomes king of the Franks and joins the fight with his half-brother Louis the German in resisting Lothair.

Britain

King Wigstan of Mercia, grandson of former ruler Wiglaf (see 839), declines his kingship and prefers the religious life. He asks his widowed mother, princess Ælfflæd to act as regent. A nobleman of the line of the late king Beornred, named Berhtric, wishes to marry her but he is a relative. Wigstan refuses the match and is murdered by followers of Berhtric at Wistow. He is buried at Repton Abbey and later revered as a saint. The Mercian throne is seized by Berhtric's father, Beorhtwulf.^[1]
Vikings make pernament settlements with their first 'wintering over' located at Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland (approximate date).

Asia

Emperor Wen Zong (Li Ang) dies after a 13-year reign in which he has failed to break the power of his palace eunuchs. He is succeeded by his brother Wu Zong as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
The Yenisei Kirghiz settled along the Yenisei River, sack with a force of around 80,000 horsemen the Uyghur capital, Ordu-Baliq. Driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia. End of the Uyghur Khaganate.^[2]

By topic

Religion

Nobis becomes bishop of St. David's in the Welsh Kingdom of Dyfed (approximate date).

841

By place

Europe

June 25 – Battle of Fontenay: Frankish forces of emperor Lothair I and his nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine are defeated by allied forces of king Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald at Fontenoy (Eastern France), in a civil war among the three surviving sons of the former emperor Louis the Pious. A total of 40,000 men are killed, including the Frankish nobles Gerard of Auvergne and Ricwin of Nantes fighting on the side of Charles.^[3]
Summer – Vikings sail up the River Seine and devastate the city of Rouen in Normandy. They burn the Benedictine monastery of Jumièges Abbey, 68 captives are taken and returned on payment of a ransom by the monks of St. Denis.^[4]

Britain

The town of Dyflin (meaning "Black Pool") or Dublin (modern Ireland) is founded by Norwegian Vikings on the south bank of the River Liffey. The settlement is fortified with a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. The Norsemen establish a wool weaving industry and there is also a slave trade. An artificial hill is erected where the nobility meets to make laws and discuss policy.

Byzantine Empire

Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a servere defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads an Byzantine expeditionary force to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).^[5]
Venice sends an fleet of 60 galleys (each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but the attack fails. Muslim troops conquer the city of Brindisi (approximate date).^[6]

Abbasid Caliphate

Pro-Umayyad rebellion of al-Mubarqa in Palestine against caliph al-Mu'tasim of the Abbasid Caliphate (ending in 842).

Asia

In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the West Market (and East Market) are closed every night 1 hour and three quarters before dusk (by government-ordered), the curfew signals by the sound of 300 beats to a loud gong. After the official markets been closed for the night, small night markets in residential areas thrive with plenty of customers, despite government efforts to shut them down. With the decline of the government's authority (by mid 9th century), this edict (like many others) is largely ignored as urban dwellers keep attending the night markets regardless.

842

By place

Byzantine Empire

January 20 – Emperor Theophilos dies of dysentery at Constantinople after a 12-year reign. He expends much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invading Muslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Michael III, with his mother Theodora, who becomes regent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.^[7]

Europe

February 14 – Oaths of Strasbourg: King Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia, meet with their armies at Strasbourg. They agree to swear allegiance (recorded in vernacular languages) to each other and to support each other against their brother Lothair I. Nominally, emperor of all the Frankish kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire.^[8]
March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign. He has undertaken numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.

Britain

Uurad of the Picts dies after a 3-year reign and is succeeded by his son Bridei VI, who contests his power with rival groups led by Bruide son of Fokel and Kenneth MacAlpin.

Abbasid Caliphate

January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq) after a 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.

843

By place

Europe

August – Treaty of Verdun: The Frankish Empire is divided into three kingdoms between the three surviving sons of the late emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis the German receives the eastern portion (everything east of the River Rhine) called the Eastern Frankish Realm which is the precursor to modern-day Germany. Emperor Lothair I receives the central portion (Low Countries, Alsace, Lorraine, Burgundy and northern half of Italy) called the Central Frankish Realm. King Charles the Bald receives the western portion (everything west of the River Rhône) called the Western Frankish Realm which later becomes modern-day France.
Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire, they kill the towns bishop along with many of the clergy, murdering men, women, and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine, and reach an island north of the mounth of the River Garonne near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland, and build houses to spend the winter.
Battle of Messac: Breton forces under Erispoe, count of Vannes, defeat the Franks led by Renaud d'Herbauges near the town of Messac at the River Vilaine. This battle marks a Breton war between Charles the Bald and Nominoe, duke of Brittany.

Britain

Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, also becomes king of the Picts, he is crowned (by the Stone of Destiny) as first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin Dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.

Arabian Empire

Summer – An Byzantine expedition led by Theoktistos conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.^[9]^[10]
Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa (modern Spain) rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.^[11]

Asia

In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes, warehouses, and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze (which is largely quarantined in East Central Chang'an thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that produce fire breaks).

By topic

Religion

Feast of Orthodoxy: Official end of Iconoclasm, empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.^[12]
Theodora II orders a persecution against the Paulicians throughout Anatolia, about 100,000 followers in the Byzantine Theme Armenia are massacred.^[13]

844

By place

Byzantine Empire

Spring – Battle of Mauropotamos: An Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos is sent to Anatolia (modern Turkey) against the Muslim Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate who have raided the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia, Anatolikon, Boukellarion, and Opsikion. The Byzantines are defeated and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.^[14]

Europe

Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse and pillaging the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville, Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.^[15]
Summer – King Charles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions in Aquitaine and against the Bretons in West Francia. He besieges Bernard I at the Battle of Toulouse, while duke Nominoe raids into Maine and plunders other Frankish territory.^[16]
June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by pope Sergius II and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.

Britain

King Æthelred II of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by Rædwulf, who takes the throne. Rædwulf is later killed in battle against the Vikings, along with many of his nobleman. Æthelred returns and claims his right to rule.
King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") who becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).

By topic

Religion

January 25 – Pope Gregory IV dies after a 16-year reign in which he has supported the Frankish policy of late emperor Louis the Pious and established the observance of All Saints' Day. He is succeeded by Sergius II as the 102nd pope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipope John VIII who is elected by popular acclamation.

845

By place

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine–Arab War: Prisoner exchange between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate at the River Lamos in Cilicia (modern Turkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.^[17]^[18]

Europe

March 28 or 29 (Easter) – Siege of Paris: Viking forces under the Norse chieftain Ragnar Lodbrok enter the River Seine with a fleet of 120 longships (5,000 men). They pass through the city of Rouen and plunder the countryside. King Charles the Bald assembles an army and sends it to protect Paris, the capital of the West Frankish Kingdom. Ragnar routs the enemy forces and hangs 111 of their prisoners in honour of Odin.^[19] Charles — to keep them from plundering his kingdom — pays a large tribute of 7,000 livres (pounds) of silver or gold in exchange for their leaving.^[20] The Vikings also sack the cities of Hamburg and Melun.
November 22 – Battle of Ballon: Frankish forces (3,000 men) led by Charles the Bald are defeated by Nominoe, count of Vannes, near Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine. After the battle, Brittany becomes an regnum 'kingdom' within the Frankish Empire.

Asia

Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: Emperor Wu Zong begins the persecution of Buddhists and other foreign religions in China, such as Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism. More than 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 temples and shrines are destroyed. More than 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns are forced to return to secular life.

By topic

Religion

John Scotus Eriugena, Irish theologian, travels to France and takes over the Palatine Academy in Paris at the invitation of Charles the Bald (approximate date).

846

By place

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgarians violate the peace treaty (see 815) and invade Macedonia along the River Struma. The cities of Serres and Philippi are devastated.^[21]

Europe

Summer – Breton forces under Nominoe occupy the Frankish cities of Nantes and Rennes. He makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux. King Charles the Bald recognizes him as duke of Brittany.
Prince Pribina becomes a vassal of the Frankish Empire. King Louis the German grants him land near Lake Balaton (modern Hungary). He establishes Blatnohrad, capital of Balaton Principality.
Frankish forces led by Louis the German invade Moravia. They encounter little resistance and deprive king Mojmir I from the throne.^[22] His relative, Rastislav is set up as the new client ruler.
The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.

Britain

King Æthelred II of Northumbria sends military assistance to the Picts in their fight against the invading Scots (approximate date).
Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid becomes the first High King of Ireland.

Arabian Empire

An Saracen Arab expeditionary force from Africa, consisting of 11,000 men and 500 horses, raid the outskirts of Rome. Sacking the basilicas of Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Outside the Walls.

Asia

April 22 – Emperor Wu Zong (Li Chan) dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by his uncle Xuān Zong as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
Jang Bogo, a powerful maritime hegemon of Silla, is assassinated by aristocratic elements at his garrison headquarters by Yeom Jang (or 841).

847

By place

Europe

Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe of Brittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading the Vikings to leave (approximate date).
The Saracens under the Berber leader Kalfun capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of the Emirate of Bari and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with raids.^[23]

Abbasid Caliphate

August 10 – Caliph Al-Wathiq dies of dropsy after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother al-Mutawakkil.

By topic

Religion

January 24 – Pope Sergius II dies of gout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo IV as the 103rd pope of Rome.
April 21– Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar.

848

By place

Europe

Summer – Bordeaux, capital of Aquitaine, falls into the hands of Viking raiders. King Charles the Bald sends a Frankish fleet to lift the siege. Despite destroying some Viking longships on the Dordogne River they fail to save the city. The Abbey of Saint-Pierre in Brantôme is sacked.
Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald meet in Koblenz to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
Frankish forces under count (comté) William of Septimania assume authority over the counties of Barcelona and Empúries (modern Spain).
The Saracens conquer Ragusa (Sicily) after its Byzantine garrison is forced by severe famine to surrender. The city and its castle are raze to the ground.^[24]

Britain

The armies of Brycheiniog and Gwent clash in the battle of Ffinnant (Wales). King Ithel of Gwent is killed in the fighting (approximate date).
Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, High King of Mide, defeats a Norse Viking army at Sciath Nechtain in Ireland (approximate date).

Asia

The Chola Dynasty in Southern India starts to rule (approximate date).

By topic

Religion

Pope Leo IV builds on the opposite of the Tiber River the Leonine City, a fortified three-kilometre wall encircles the Vatican Hill and Borgo to defend Rome.^[25]
The Roman Catholic church of Santa María del Naranco on the slope of Monte Naranco (Northern Spain) is completed.

849

By place

Europe

Battle of Ostia: An Saracen Arab fleet from Sardinia set sail towards Rome. In response, pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, including Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta led by admiral Caesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port of Ostia — and repels the Saracen marauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of the Aghlabids.^[26]
Frankish forces under king Charles the Bald invade southern France and conquer the territory of Toulouse. He appoints Fredelo as count (comté) of Toulouse who founds the Rouergue dynasty. Aquitaine is submitted to the West Frankish Kingdom.

Abbasid Caliphate

The Armenian prince Bagrat II begins a rebellion against caliph Al-Mutawakkil of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Asia

In the Chinese capital city of Chang'an, an imperial prince is impeached during the Tang Dynasty from his position by officials at court for erecting a building that obstructs a street in the northwesternmost ward in South Central Chang'an.
King Pyinbya of Burma founds the city of Pagan located in the Mandalay Region and fortifies it with walls.

Significant people

Births

Deaths

References

↑ Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "Decline", pp. 238–239.
↑ History of Central Asia.
↑ Eric Joseph, Struggle for Empire, p. 103. Cornell University, 2006. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X. Joseph states this number, given by Agnellus of Ravenna, is probably exaggerated.
↑ Recorded in the Chronicle of Fontenelle Abbey.
↑ Treadgold 1988, pp. 324-325.
↑ J. Norwich, A History of Venice, p. 32.
↑ John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811—1057: Translation and Notes, transl. John Wortley, 81note114.
↑ Pierre Riche, The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 162.
↑ Makrypoulias (2000), p. 351.
↑ Treadgold (1997), p. 447.
↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire medieval de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
↑ Merriam-Webster (Jan 2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, p. 231. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
↑ Leon Arpee (1946). A History of Armenian Christianity. The Armenian Missionary Association of America, New York, p. 107.
↑ Vasiliev 1935, pp. 399–404.
↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
↑ AF a. 844: Karolus Aquitaniam, quasi ad partem regni sui iure pertinentem, affectans ... ("Charles wanted Aquitaine, which belonged by right to a part of his kingdom").
↑ Huart 1986, p. 647.
↑ Toynbee 1973, p. 391.
↑ Jones 2001, p. 212.
↑ Sawyer 2001, p. 40.
↑ John V.A. Fine, Jr. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, p. 110. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
↑ Goldberg 2006, p. 140.
↑ Kreutz, p. 38.
↑ Vasiliev (1935), p. 208.
↑ Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, p. 195. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2.
↑ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 15. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.

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