800s (decade)
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| Centuries: | 8th century – 9th century – 10th century |
| Decades: | 770s 780s 790s – 800s – 810s 820s 830s |
| Years: | 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 |
| 800s-related categories: |
Births – Deaths – By country Establishments – Disestablishments |
Events
Contents: 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809
800
By place
Europe
- December 25 – Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope Leo III as Charles I with the title "Emperor of the Franks and the Lombards". The coronation takes place during mass at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome on Christmas Day. The Frankish Empire is formed in Western Europe which is not recognized by empress Irene at Constantinople. This triggers a series of disputes with the Byzantines around who is officially ruling the former Western Roman Empire.
- The Rus' Khaganate (modern Russia) is created by people who are called Rus' after 182 year dominance of the Khazars. This is the starting period of the rise of the Kievan Rus', and the later states of Belarus and Ukraine (approximate date).
Britain
- King Eardwulf of Northumbria has his men seize prince Ealhmund, son of the late king Alhred, and put him to death. He is buried at Derby in the St. Alkmund's Church and later revered as a saint (approximate date).
China
- The ci, a new type of lyric poetry with irregular lines is set to a melody during the Tang Dynasty (approximate date).
Africa
- Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date).
- Ife, in present-day Nigeria, becomes an important urban center (approximate date).
Mesoamerica
- Itza culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date).
Polynesia
- The first settlers of the Hawaiian Islands arrive (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- Retirement of archbishop Hygeberht of Lichfield. He is succeeded by Ealdwulf. King Coenwulf of Mercia is on better terms with the archiepiscopal of Canterbury than his predecessor, and unsuccessfully attempts to have the Mercian archiepiscopal see transferred to London (approximate date).
- Book of Kells is written and illuminated in a Columban monastery in the British Isles (approximate date).
801
By place
Europe
- Emperor Charlemagne formally cedes Nordalbian territory (modern-day Schleswig-Holstein) to the pagan Obotrites. Allies of the Carolingian Empire.[1]
- April 3 – King Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, captures Barcelona after a siege of several months. Bera is appointed first count of Barcelona.
Britain
- King Eardwulf of Northumbria leads an army into Mercia against his rival Coenwulf in order to flush out other claimants to the Northumbrian throne.
By topic
Religion
- Rabanus Maurus, Frankish Benedictine monk, takes his vows in the monastery of Fulda and receives the ordination as a deacon.
802
By place
Byzantine Empire
- October 31 – Empress Irene is deposed after a 5-year reign, and banished to Lesbos. High-ranking patricians place Nikephoros, the minister of finance (logothetes tou genikou), on the throne. He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople by patriarch Tarasios as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
Europe
- Pagan Danes invade Obodrite-ruled Schleswig to take over territory almost emptied by the forcible deportations of the Saxons by emperor Charlemagne.[1]
- Al-Andalus: Saragossa rises against the Emirate of Córdoba. Emir Al-Hakam I sends a Muslim army under general Amrus ibn Yusuf and retakes the city.[2]
- Krum becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (until 814). During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubles in size, from the Danube to the Dniester.
Britain
- King Beorhtric of Wessex dies after drinking a chalice of poison intended by his wife, Eadburh. She flees to the court of Charlemagne, who accepts a portion of her wealth and makes her abbess. Prince Egbert returns to Wessex and is accepted as new king.[3]
- Battle of Kempsford: Æthelmund, ealdorman of Hwicce, is killed during the battle by his rival Weohstan and levies of West Saxon Wiltshire.[4]
- The Vikings plunder the treasures of Iona Abbey on the west coast of Scotland (approximate date).
Abbasid Caliphate
- The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir and ruler of a broadly autonomous Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire.
Asia
- Prince Jayavarman declares the Khmer Empire (modern-day Cambodia) independent and establishes the kingdom of Angkor. He is reconsecrated as a world ruler (chakravartin) or god-king (devaraja) under Hindu rites.
By topic
Religion
- The Haeinsa Temple of the Jogye Order is built in Korea.
803
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Emperors Nikephoros I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries in the Adriatic Sea and sign Pax Nicephori ("Peace of Nikephoros"). The Byzantines retain controle of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland.[5] Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.
- Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marched to Chrysopolis, an suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aids, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace.
Europe
- May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Hellenized Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia.
- Stiftskeller St. Peter, possibly Central Europe's oldest restaurant is founded.[6]
Abbasid Caliphate
- Downfall of the Barmakids: Caliph Harun al-Rashid has his friend Ja'far ibn Yahya beheaded, possibly because for having an affair with his sister Abassa. Surviving members of the influential Barmakid family are imprisoned on orders of Harun and their property is confiscated.
By topic
Religion
- October 12 – The Synod of Clofesho (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary bishopric, with papel permission obtained by king Coenwulf of Mercia.
804
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay tribute imposed by caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. An Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed; but saved by the bravery of his officers.[7][8]
Europe
- Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established.[9] Venice, torn by infighting, switches the allegiance from Constantinople to king Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.
- Obelerio degli Antenori becomes the ninth doge of Venice after his predecessor Giovanni Galbaio flees to Mantua where he is killed.
- The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne. It becomes the oldest school in Germany.[10]
Asia
- Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, travels in a government-sponsored expedition to China in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. He brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism).
- Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and reportedly brings back tea seeds (or 805).
- The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language.
By topic
Religion
- Ludger, Frisian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Münster and builds there a monastery.
805
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece) with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew.[11]
Europe
- Battle of Canburg: The Franks under Charles the Younger, son of emperor Charlemagne, defeat the Slavs near the present-day town of Kadaň and conquer Bohemia (modern Czech Republic).
- Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, conquers and destroys the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate (approximate date).
- First known mention of Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt) founded by Charlemagne.
Britain
- King Egbert of Wessex formally establishes kingship over Devon after a integration over many years. Dumnonia is reduced to cover only the Cornish in Cornwall (approximate date).
Asia
- February 25 – Emperor De Zong dies after a 25-year reign in which the fanzhen is controlled by military governors or jiedushi, often ignoring imperial decrees. He is succeeded by his son Shun Zong who becomes ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
- August 31 – Shun Zong issues an edict to yield the throne to his son Xian Zong (Li Chun) because of an illness. Taking for himself the title of "Retired Emperor" (Taishang Huang). Xian is confronted with political disputes in Zi Prefecture (Shaanxi).
- Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and introduces tea to Japan on his return (or 804).
By topic
Religion
- The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by pope Leo III.
806
By place
Asia
- February 5 – Emperor Kanmu dies after a 25-year reign that has seen Korean culture and technology introduced in Japan. He is succeeded by his son Heizei as the 51st emperor of Japan.[12]
- Hōzen-ji Temple is founded in Wakakusa, Nakakoma District, Japan (now Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture). The temple follows the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism.
Abbasid Caliphate
- Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (135,000 men) departs from ar-Raqqah, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates. Sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed, its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.[13][14]
- Arab–Byzantine wars: An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids Cyprus, carrying of 16,000 inhabitants as slaves.[15]
- Harun al-Rashid appoints Ashot Msaker ("the Carnivorous") as new presiding prince of Armenia. The Bagratids emerge as one of the country's two most powerful noble families. Harun recognizes another Bagratid branch, under Ashot I Curopalates, as princes of Caucasian Iberia.[16][17]
- Rafi ibn al-Layth, a Arab nobleman, leads a large-scale rebellion against oppressive taxation by the Abbasid governor Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan. He launches a revolt in Samarkand, which spread quickly across Khorasan.
Britain
- Vikings massacre Columba's monks and all the inhabitants on the island of Iona (Scotland). Other monks flee to safety in the monastery of Kells (Ireland). They take with them the Book of Kells.
- King Eardwulf of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by his rival Ælfwald II who takes the throne. Eardwulf flees to the Frankish court of Charlemagne and later visits pope Leo III in Rome.
Europe
- November – Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797. To this effect Al-Hakam has over 72 nobles (accounts talk of 5,000) massacred at a banquet, crucified and displayed along the banks of the Guadalquivir River (modern Spain) in what comes to be known as the "Day of the Trench".[18]
- Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.
- Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, dies without heirs. He is succeeded by Grimoald IV who is forced to pay tribute to king Charles the Younger.
By topic
Religion
- April 12 – Nikephoros I is elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasios.
- The church (oratory) in Germigny-des-Prés is built by bishop Theodulf of Orléans.
- July 26 – Wulfred is elected archbishop of Canterbury.[19]
807
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Emperor Nikephoros I is forced to sue for peace on condition of paying 50,000 nomismata to caliph Harun al-Rashid and agrees a yearly tribute. Nikephoros promises not to rebuild the dismantled forts. Rashid recalls his forces from various sieges and evacuates Byzantine territory.[20][21][22]
- An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids the Peloponnese, Rhodes and Myra.[23]
Europe
- Al-Andalus (modern Spain): Uprising in the city of Mérida against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.[24]
- Siege of Patras: Marks the end of independent rule by the South Slavs in the Peloponnese (or 805).
Britain
- The Vikings land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against Wessex.
- Death of king Cuthred of Kent. His brother, king Coenwulf of Mercia takes control over Kent himself.
Asia
- Dappula II becomes king of Sri Lanka and makes Anuradhapura the capital city.
- Li Jifu is appointed chancellor during the reign of emperor Xian Zong in China.
By topic
Religion
- The Temple of Motoyama-ji in Mitoyo (Japan), of the Kōyasan Shingon-shū sect, is constructed by the orders of emperor Heizei.
- The Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is constructed in Qazvin (modern Iran) by the orders of Harun al-Rashid.
- The Book of Armagh is written by the Irish illuminator Ferdomnach, a scribe at the School of Armagh.
Science
808
By place
Europe
- King Godfred of the Danes forms an alliance with the Wiltzi and other Slav tribes against the pagan but pro-Frankish Abodrites.[1] Godfred builds earthworks (Danevirke) across the isthmus of Schleswig-Holstein. Separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.
- Viking Age: First Viking raid, by Danes against the Baltic coast. Godfred destroys the Slav settlement of Reric (near present-day Wismar) used as a strategic trade route. The population is displaced or abducted, to Hedeby (Denmark).
- Emperor Charlemagne give orders to construct two new forts on the Elbe River, garrisoning them against future Slav incursions.[25]
- In Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal), Hazim ibn Wahb leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba.[26]
Britain
- Exiled king Eardwulf of Northumbria is able to return to his kingdom, with the support of Charlemagne and pope Leo III. He ousts the usurper, king Ælfwald II.
- Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (modern Wales), dies after a 35-year reign and is succeeded by his son Cyngen ap Cadell.
By topic
Finance
809
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Siege of Serdica: Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, captures the fortress of Serdica (modern Sofia) after a long siege.[27] According to Byzantine sources, he massacres the garrison (supposedly 6,000 men) and razes the city walls while returning with many loot to Bulgaria.[28] In the following years (and centuries) Serdica will serve as a base for the expansion of the Bulgars to the south of the Balkans.
Europe
- A Byzantine fleet lands in the Venetian Lagoon and attacks a Frankish flotilla at Comacchio but is defeated. Doge Obelerio degli Antenori marries a Frankish bride: Carola, she becomes the first dogaressa of Venice.
- Aznar Galíndez I succeeds Aureolus as count of Aragon (modern Spain). He is installed by king Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne) and remains a Frankish vassal.
- A rebellion in Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal) is crushed by the Emirate of Córdoba.[29]
Abbasid Caliphate
- March 24 – Caliph Harun al-Rashid dies at Tus on an expedition to put down an uprising in Khorasan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin.
Asia
- Emperor Heizei becomes ill and abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Saga. He is installed as the 52nd emperor of Japan.[30]
- Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).[31][32]
By topic
Religion
- Council of Aachen: Frankish bishops adopt the filioque addition in the Creed. Pope Leo III intervenes and refuses to recognize it as valid.
Significant people
References
- 1 2 3 Nicolle, David (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
- ↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ↑ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 186.
- ↑ Williams, Smyth & Kirby, A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain (1991), p. 24.
- ↑ Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, p. 135.
- ↑ MYTravelGuide Stifskeller St Peter.
- ↑ Bosworth 1989, p. 248; Mango & Scott 1997, p. 660
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, p. 135
- ↑ Nicolle, David (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
- ↑ The building of the Gymnasium Carolinum, Osnabrück Accessed October 2008
- ↑ John V.A. Fine, Jr (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3
- ↑ Emperor Heizei, Yamamomo Imperial Mausoleum, Imperial Household Agency
- ↑ Mango & Scott 1997, pp. 661–662.
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, p. 145.
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, pp. 144–145.
- ↑ Laurent 1919, p. 99.
- ↑ Whittow 1996, p. 214.
- ↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ↑ Brooks, N. P. (2004). "Wulfred (d. 832)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30095. Retrieved 7 November 2007.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ↑ Bosworth 1989, p. 263
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, pp. 145, 408 (Note 190).
- ↑ Mango & Scott 1997, p. 662.
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, p. 148.
- ↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ↑ Nicolle, David (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
- ↑ Serrão, Joel; de Oliveira Marques, A. H. (1993). "O Portugal Islâmico". Hova Historia de Portugal. Portugal das Invasões Germânicas à Reconquista (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Presença. p. 124.
- ↑ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p. 485
- ↑ John V.A. Fine, Jr (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, p. 95. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3
- ↑ Serrão, Joel; de Oliveira Marques, A. H. (1993). "O Portugal Islâmico". Hova Historia de Portugal. Portugal das Invasões Germânicas à Reconquista (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Presença. p. 125.
- ↑ Emperor Saga, Saganoyamanoe Imperial Mausoleum, Imperial Household Agency
- ↑ The Cambridge Shorter History of India, p. 143
- ↑ Dynastic History of Magadha by George E. Somers, p. 179
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