2014 FIA World Endurance Championship

2014 FIA World Endurance Championship
Previous: 2013 Next: 2015
Anthony Davidson (pictured) and Sébastien Buemi won the Drivers' Championship.
Toyota won the Manufacturers' Championship with the Toyota TS040 Hybrid.

The 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship season was the third season of the FIA World Endurance Championship auto racing series, co-organized by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). The series was open to Le Mans Prototypes and grand tourer-style racing cars from four ACO categories. World Championship titles were awarded for Le Mans Prototypes drivers and for LMP1 manufacturers, and several World Endurance Cups and Endurance Trophies were also awarded.[1] The eight race series began in April at the Silverstone Circuit and concluded in November at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace.

The World Endurance Championship for Drivers was won by Toyota Racing pairing Anthony Davidson and Sébastien Buemi, as they won four of the season's eight races. Davidson and Buemi finished as champions by 39 points,[2] ahead of Audi Sport Team Joest trio Marcel Fässler, André Lotterer and Benoît Tréluyer, who won successive races at Le Mans and the Circuit of the Americas. Ten points further behind in third place, was the Porsche Team's Romain Dumas, Neel Jani and Marc Lieb. With their victory in São Paulo, Dumas, Jani and Lieb gained the tie-break over Audi Sport Team Joest's Lucas di Grassi and Tom Kristensen. The season's other event was won by the sister Toyota team of Mike Conway, Stéphane Sarrazin and Alexander Wurz in Bahrain, while Nicolas Lapierre was a part of the winning team at Silverstone and Spa with Davidson and Buemi. With five wins, Toyota won the World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers, 45 points ahead of Audi.[2] Rebellion Racing won the two privateer trophies on offer for the LMP1-L cars, winning all eight races; five wins for the No. 12 entry of Mathias Beche, Nick Heidfeld and Nicolas Prost, with three wins for the sister No. 13 entry of Andrea Belicchi, Dominik Kraihamer and Fabio Leimer.

Consistent finishing within the LMP2 class was enough to give the No. 27 entry from SMP Racing the FIA Endurance Trophy for the class, while Sergey Zlobin won the drivers' championship. Despite only winning at Le Mans – which awarded double points, where he was partnered with Anton Ladygin and Mika Salo – Zlobin, achieved six podium finishes with four different team-mates and won the championship by nine points. G-Drive Racing, with drivers Julien Canal, Olivier Pla and Roman Rusinov won four races, but retirements at Le Mans and São Paulo ultimately denied them the titles. Similarly, seven points further in arrears, KCMG with drivers Richard Bradley and Matthew Howson won three races but also suffered two retirements at Le Mans and Shanghai. Tsugio Matsuda (Circuit of the Americas) and Alexandre Imperatori (Bahrain and São Paulo) were also part of winning KCMG teams, but did not contest the whole season.

In the GT element of the series, the World Endurance Cup was won by AF Corse and drivers Gianmaria Bruni and Toni Vilander. Bruni and Vilander took 4 victories during the season, and finished 33.5 points clear of the next best driver Frédéric Makowiecki, driving for Porsche Team Manthey. Makowiecki won twice during the season, winning with Marco Holzer and Richard Lietz at Silverstone, and with Patrick Pilet in Shanghai. Lietz and Pilet finished third and fourth in the standings respectively. The only other winners in the GT standings as a whole, was Aston Martin Racing at the Circuit of the Americas and São Paulo, with drivers Stefan Mücke and Darren Turner. In the Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Pro teams standings, AF Corse finished 20 points clear of Porsche Team Manthey. In the separate sub-classifications for the LMGTE amateur class, Aston Martin Racing won seven out of the eight races, to take a 1–2 in the teams' championship. In the drivers' championship, David Heinemeier Hansson and Kristian Poulsen won the title with four wins and four second places. They finished 34 points clear of the sister entry of Paul Dalla Lana, Pedro Lamy and Christoffer Nygaard, who won a trio of races. Third place went to Nicki Thiim, 20 points further adrift, who was a part of the Heinemeier Hansson-Poulsen entry at 5 events. The season's other winners were AF Corse at Spa, with drivers Marco Cioci, Luís Pérez Companc and Mirko Venturi.

Calendar

A provisional calendar was published by the FIA World Endurance Championship on 20 September 2013.[3] All eight races remained from the 2013 schedule, although with some dates changed. On 18 October, the calendar was revised to avoid some collisions with Formula One races.[4] At the World Motor Sport Council meeting on 4 December 2013 the FIA confirmed the 2014 schedule.[5] The round at Fuji Speedway took place on 12 October, avoiding a clash with the United SportsCar Petit Le Mans, and the provisional round at Interlagos was confirmed. The schedule was revised again on 31 January 2014, moving the São Paulo round to 30 November to avoid clashes with Formula One.[6]

The rounds at the Circuit of the Americas and the Bahrain International Circuit both finished in night-time conditions.[7]

Rnd Race Circuit Location Date
1 6 Hours of Silverstone United Kingdom Silverstone Circuit Silverstone, United Kingdom 20 April
2 WEC 6 Heures de Spa-Francorchamps Belgium Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps Spa, Belgium 3 May
3 24 Heures du Mans France Circuit de la Sarthe Le Mans, France 14–15 June
4 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas United States Circuit of the Americas Austin, United States 20 September
5 6 Hours of Fuji Japan Fuji Speedway Oyama, Japan 12 October
6 6 Hours of Shanghai China Shanghai International Circuit Shanghai, China 2 November
7 6 Hours of Bahrain Bahrain Bahrain International Circuit Sakhir, Bahrain 15 November
8 6 Hours of São Paulo Brazil Autódromo José Carlos Pace São Paulo, Brazil 30 November

Entries

The FIA unveiled an entry of 31 cars for the 2014 season of the World Endurance Championship, divided into five categories: Le Mans Prototype 1-Hybrid (LMP1-H), 1-Lightweight (LMP1-L), and 2 (LMP2), and Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional (LMGTE Pro) and Amateur (LMGTE Am).

LMP1-H

LMP1-H became the unique category for the factory prototype teams in 2014 after the LMP1 category was split in two. Audi returned with a revised R18, led by the defending World Champion duo of Tom Kristensen and Loïc Duval, joined by Lucas di Grassi. 2012 World Champions Benoît Tréluyer, Marcel Fässler, and André Lotterer were in the sister Audi, while a third car also entered the Spa and Le Mans rounds. Toyota also returned with an all-new TS040 while retaining the same drivers from their past two seasons. Porsche expanded their World Endurance Championship effort beyond LMGTE with their all-new 919, bringing with them a collection of factory drivers, former Formula One driver Mark Webber, and newcomer to the championship Brendon Hartley.

Entrant/Team Car Engine Tyre No. Drivers Rounds
Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 e-tron quattro Audi TDI 4.0 L Turbo V6 (Diesel) M 1 Denmark Tom Kristensen[8] All
Brazil Lucas di Grassi[8] All
France Loïc Duval[8] 1–2, 4–8
Spain Marc Gené[9] 3
2 Germany André Lotterer[8] All
France Benoît Tréluyer[8] All
Switzerland Marcel Fässler[8] All
3 Italy Marco Bonanomi[8] 2–3
Portugal Filipe Albuquerque[8] 2–3
United Kingdom Oliver Jarvis[8] 3
Japan Toyota Racing Toyota TS040 Hybrid Toyota 3.7 L V8 M 7 Austria Alexander Wurz[10] All
France Stéphane Sarrazin[10] All
Japan Kazuki Nakajima[10] 1–3, 5–6
United Kingdom Mike Conway[11] 4, 7–8
8 United Kingdom Anthony Davidson[10] All
Switzerland Sébastien Buemi[10] All
France Nicolas Lapierre[10] 1–4
Germany Porsche Team Porsche 919 Hybrid Porsche 2.0 L Turbo V4 M 14 Germany Marc Lieb[12] All
France Romain Dumas[12] All
Switzerland Neel Jani[12] All
20 Germany Timo Bernhard[12] All
Australia Mark Webber[12] All
New Zealand Brendon Hartley[12] All
Key
Full-season entry
* Eligible for all championship points
Additional entry
* Eligible only for Drivers' championship points
Third manufacturer entry
* Eligible for Drivers' championship points
* Only eligible for Manufacturers' championship points at Le Mans

LMP1-L

The new LMP1-L category, designed solely for privateers without hybrid systems in their cars, featured two-time winners of the FIA Endurance Trophy for Private LMP1 Teams, Rebellion Racing. The team developed two all-new Toyota-powered R-One chassis, but started the season with their familiar Lolas while they awaited the completion of the R-Ones. Fabio Leimer of Switzerland became the new rookie on the team, replacing Neel Jani, who was promoted to the Porsche factory team. The Kodewa-backed Lotus team moved up from the LMP2 category with their new CLM P1/01 with a new engine in the World Championship from British firm Advanced Engine Research (AER). However, Lotus missed the season's first three races as the car was not yet ready.[13]

Entrant/Team Car Engine Tyre No. Drivers Rounds
Romania Lotus CLM P1/01 AER P60 Turbo V6 M 9 United Kingdom James Rossiter[14] 4–5
France Christophe Bouchut[14] 4–5
Austria Lucas Auer[15] 4, 6, 8
Germany Pierre Kaffer[16] 5–8
Switzerland Simon Trummer[17] 7
France Nathanaël Berthon[17] 7
Switzerland Rebellion Racing Lola B12/60[18]
Rebellion R-One
Toyota RV8KLM 3.4 L V8 M 12 France Nicolas Prost[19] All
Germany Nick Heidfeld[20] All
Switzerland Mathias Beche[20] All
13 Austria Dominik Kraihamer[21] All
Italy Andrea Belicchi[22] All
Switzerland Fabio Leimer[23] All

LMP2

The LMP2 class, nine strong in 2013, saw a significant reduction in its entrant list for 2014, with defending LMP2 champions OAK Racing downsizing their operation to a single Morgan entry, taking over the Russian G-Drive title that came with driver Roman Rusinov, before being replaced mid-season by OAK's newer Ligier JS P2 model. Russian outfit SMP Racing, in conjunction with AF Corse, shifted from the European Le Mans Series with their pair of Orecas, while Hong Kong-based team KCMG moved from the Asian Le Mans Series with a solo Oreca, after running invitational entries in the WEC in 2013. Greaves Motorsport returned to the European Le Mans Series for 2014 after two years in the WEC, while PeCom Racing's LMP2 effort was dissolved. Delta-ADR and Fabien Giroix, formerly of Gulf Racing Middle East, merged their teams under the Millennium Racing name, but the two-car entry withdrew from the series prior to the first round due to financial problems. Strakka Racing announced a switch from the LMP1 category to co-develop an LMP2 coupé with Japanese manufacturer Dome, the S103. However, Strakka's 2014 program was delayed and eventually cancelled after issues with developing the car evolved.[24]

Entrant/Team Car Engine Tyre No. Drivers Rounds
Russia G-Drive Racing Morgan LMP2
Ligier JS P2
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 D 26 Russia Roman Rusinov[25] All
France Olivier Pla[25] All
France Julien Canal[25] All
Russia SMP Racing Oreca 03
Oreca 03R
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 M 27 Russia Sergey Zlobin[26] All
Italy Maurizio Mediani[26] 1–2, 4–8
France Nicolas Minassian[26] 1–2, 4–8
Russia Anton Ladygin[27] 3
Finland Mika Salo[27] 3
37 Russia Kirill Ladygin[26] All
Russia Viktor Shaitar[26] 1–2, 4–8
Russia Anton Ladygin[26] 1–2, 4–8
Italy Maurizio Mediani[27] 3
France Nicolas Minassian[27] 3
Hong Kong KCMG Oreca 03
Oreca 03R
Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 D 47 United Kingdom Matthew Howson[28] All
United Kingdom Richard Bradley[29] All
Japan Tsugio Matsuda[30] 1, 4
Switzerland Alexandre Imperatori[31] 2–3, 5–8

LMGTE Pro

Much remained the same in the LMGTE Pro category, with Porsche, Aston Martin, and AF Corse Ferrari each with two full-season cars. Davide Rigon was promoted within AF Corse following the departures of Giancarlo Fisichella and Kamui Kobayashi, while Frédéric Makowiecki switched allegiances from Aston Martin to Porsche. Fernando Rees, LMGTE Am champion in 2012 with Larbre Compétition, was promoted to LMGTE Pro alongside Darryl O'Young and Alex MacDowall, with their World Touring Car Championship team Bamboo Engineering, associated with Aston Martin to lead one of the company's entries. British privateers Ram Racing moved to the World Endurance Championship after their 2013 European Le Mans Series LMGTE title led by Matt Griffin and Álvaro Parente in the first of the team's Ferraris. However, the team withdrew from the series after Le Mans.

Entrant/Team Car Engine Tyre No. Drivers Rounds
Italy AF Corse Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 M 51 Italy Gianmaria Bruni[32] All
Finland Toni Vilander[32] All
Italy Giancarlo Fisichella[33] 3
71 Italy Davide Rigon[32] All
United Kingdom James Calado[34] 1–2, 4–8
Monaco Olivier Beretta[33] 3
Germany Pierre Kaffer[35] 3
United Kingdom Ram Racing Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 M 52 Republic of Ireland Matt Griffin[36] 1, 3
Portugal Álvaro Parente[37] 1, 3
Italy Federico Leo[38] 3
Germany Porsche Team Manthey Porsche 911 RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 M 91 Germany Jörg Bergmeister[30] All
France Patrick Pilet[28] 1–3
United Kingdom Nick Tandy[30] 1, 3–4
Austria Richard Lietz[39] 5–8
92 France Frédéric Makowiecki[40] All
Germany Marco Holzer[28] 1–3
Austria Richard Lietz[30] 1, 3
France Patrick Pilet[39] 4–8
United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Vantage GTE Aston Martin 4.5 L V8 M 97 United Kingdom Darren Turner[28] All
Germany Stefan Mücke[28] All
Brazil Bruno Senna[41] 2–3
99 United Kingdom Alex MacDowall[42] All
Brazil Fernando Rees[42] All
Hong Kong Darryl O'Young[42] 1–6, 8
Saudi Arabia Abdulaziz Al Faisal[43] 7

LMGTE Am

Defending LMGTE Am champions 8 Star returned with their Ferrari, picking up Proton Competition's Paolo Ruberti and Gianluca Roda to co-drive with team owner Enzo Potolicchio. They were joined in the Ferrari camp by AF Corse as well as Ram Racing's second Ferrari, which was also withdrawn after Le Mans. Proton Competition upgraded their Porsche to the 2013-specification 911 RSR, while series newcomers Prospeed Competition bolstered Porsche's efforts. Aston Martin also retained their dual amateur entries, with 2013 LMP2 championship runner-up David Heinemeier Hansson moving to the all Danish squad. Krohn Racing returned to the United States for the United SportsCar Championship, while IMSA Performance entered the European Le Mans Series. 2012 LMGTE Amateur Endurance Trophy winners Larbre Compétition switched to the European Le Mans Series, competing in LMP2; the team had the intention to take part in the WEC rounds following the 24 Hours of Le Mans, but later backed out of these plans.

Entrant/Team Car Engine Tyre No. Drivers Rounds
United Kingdom Ram Racing[44] Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 M 53 United Kingdom Johnny Mowlem[44] 1, 3
United Kingdom Ben Collins[44] 1
United States Mark Patterson[44] 1, 3
United Kingdom Archie Hamilton[27] 3
Italy AF Corse Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 M 60 United States Peter Ashley Mann[41] 2–3
Italy Raffaele Giammaria[41] 2–3
Italy Lorenzo Casé[41] 2–3
61 Argentina Luís Pérez Companc[28] 1–4
Italy Marco Cioci[30] 1–4
Italy Mirko Venturi[30] 1–4
United States Bret Curtis[45] 5
United States Mike Skeen[45] 5
Netherlands Jeroen Bleekemolen[45] 5
Belarus Alexander Talkanitsa Sr.[17] 7
United States Jeff Segal[17] 7–8
Italy Alessandro Pier Guidi[17] 7–8
Brazil Emerson Fittipaldi[46] 8
62 France Yannick Mallégol[27] 3
France Jean-Marc Bachelier[27] 3
United States Howard Blank[27] 3
81 Australia Stephen Wyatt[28] 1–5, 7–8
Italy Michele Rugolo[30] 1–5, 7–8
United Kingdom Sam Bird[47] 1, 3
Italy Andrea Bertolini[41] 2, 4–5, 7–8
Belgium Prospeed Competition Porsche 911 GT3 RSR
Porsche 911 RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 M 75 France François Perrodo[48] All
France Emmanuel Collard[48] All
France Matthieu Vaxivière[48] 1–2, 4–8
Finland Markus Palttala[49] 3
Germany Proton Competition Porsche 911 RSR Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6 M 88 Germany Christian Ried[28] All
United Arab Emirates Khaled Al Qubaisi[30] All
Austria Klaus Bachler[30] 1–5, 7–8
Germany Wolf Henzler[50] 6
United States 8 Star Motorsports Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 Ferrari 4.5 L V8 M 90 Italy Gianluca Roda[51] All
Italy Paolo Ruberti[51] All
Venezuela Enzo Potolicchio[51] 1–2
United States Frankie Montecalvo[27] 3
United States Jeff Segal[11] 4–5
Italy Matteo Cressoni[50] 6–8
United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Vantage GTE Aston Martin 4.5 L V8 M 95 Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson[52] All
Denmark Kristian Poulsen[28] All
Denmark Nicki Thiim[42] 1, 3, 5, 7–8
New Zealand Richie Stanaway[41] 2, 4, 6
98 Canada Paul Dalla Lana[28] All
Portugal Pedro Lamy[30] All
Denmark Christoffer Nygaard[30] All

Results and standings

Race results

The highest finishing competitor entered in the World Endurance Championship is listed below. Invitational entries may have finished ahead of WEC competitors in individual races.

Rnd. Circuit LMP1-H Winners LMP1-L Winners LMP2 Winners LMGTE Pro Winners LMGTE Am Winners Report
1 Silverstone Japan No. 8 Toyota Racing Switzerland No. 12 Rebellion Racing Russia No. 26 G-Drive Racing Germany No. 92 Porsche Team Manthey United Kingdom No. 95 Aston Martin Racing Results
Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
United Kingdom Anthony Davidson
France Nicolas Lapierre
Switzerland Mathias Beche
Germany Nick Heidfeld
France Nicolas Prost
France Julien Canal
France Olivier Pla
Russia Roman Rusinov
Germany Marco Holzer
Austria Richard Lietz
France Frédéric Makowiecki
Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson
Denmark Kristian Poulsen
Denmark Nicki Thiim
2 Spa-Francorchamps Japan No. 8 Toyota Racing Switzerland No. 12 Rebellion Racing Russia No. 26 G-Drive Racing Italy No. 51 AF Corse Italy No. 61 AF Corse Results
Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
United Kingdom Anthony Davidson
France Nicolas Lapierre
Switzerland Mathias Beche
Germany Nick Heidfeld
France Nicolas Prost
France Julien Canal
France Olivier Pla
Russia Roman Rusinov
Italy Gianmaria Bruni
Finland Toni Vilander
Argentina Luís Pérez Companc
Italy Marco Cioci
Italy Mirko Venturi
3 Le Mans Germany No. 2 Audi Sport Team Joest Switzerland No. 12 Rebellion Racing Russia No. 27 SMP Racing Italy No. 51 AF Corse United Kingdom No. 95 Aston Martin Racing Results
Switzerland Marcel Fässler
Germany André Lotterer
France Benoît Tréluyer
Switzerland Mathias Beche
Germany Nick Heidfeld
France Nicolas Prost
Russia Sergey Zlobin
Russia Anton Ladygin
Finland Mika Salo
Italy Gianmaria Bruni
Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
Finland Toni Vilander
Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson
Denmark Kristian Poulsen
Denmark Nicki Thiim
4 Austin Germany No. 2 Audi Sport Team Joest Switzerland No. 12 Rebellion Racing Hong Kong No. 47 KCMG United Kingdom No. 97 Aston Martin Racing United Kingdom No. 98 Aston Martin Racing Results
Switzerland Marcel Fässler
Germany André Lotterer
France Benoît Tréluyer
Switzerland Mathias Beche
Germany Nick Heidfeld
France Nicolas Prost
United Kingdom Matthew Howson
United Kingdom Richard Bradley
Japan Tsugio Matsuda
United Kingdom Darren Turner
Germany Stefan Mücke
Canada Paul Dalla Lana
Portugal Pedro Lamy
Denmark Christoffer Nygaard
5 Fuji Japan No. 8 Toyota Racing Switzerland No. 13 Rebellion Racing Russia No. 26 G-Drive Racing Italy No. 51 AF Corse United Kingdom No. 95 Aston Martin Racing Results
Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
United Kingdom Anthony Davidson
Austria Dominik Kraihamer
Italy Andrea Belicchi
Switzerland Fabio Leimer
France Julien Canal
France Olivier Pla
Russia Roman Rusinov
Italy Gianmaria Bruni
Finland Toni Vilander
Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson
Denmark Kristian Poulsen
Denmark Nicki Thiim
6 Shanghai Japan No. 8 Toyota Racing Switzerland No. 12 Rebellion Racing Russia No. 26 G-Drive Racing Germany No. 92 Porsche Team Manthey United Kingdom No. 98 Aston Martin Racing Results
Switzerland Sébastien Buemi
United Kingdom Anthony Davidson
Switzerland Mathias Beche
Germany Nick Heidfeld
France Nicolas Prost
France Julien Canal
France Olivier Pla
Russia Roman Rusinov
France Patrick Pilet
France Frédéric Makowiecki
Canada Paul Dalla Lana
Portugal Pedro Lamy
Denmark Christoffer Nygaard
7 Bahrain Japan No. 7 Toyota Racing Switzerland No. 13 Rebellion Racing Hong Kong No. 47 KCMG Italy No. 51 AF Corse United Kingdom No. 95 Aston Martin Racing Results
Austria Alexander Wurz
France Stéphane Sarrazin
United Kingdom Mike Conway
Austria Dominik Kraihamer
Italy Andrea Belicchi
Switzerland Fabio Leimer
United Kingdom Matthew Howson
United Kingdom Richard Bradley
Switzerland Alexandre Imperatori
Italy Gianmaria Bruni
Finland Toni Vilander
Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson
Denmark Kristian Poulsen
Denmark Nicki Thiim
8 Interlagos Germany No. 14 Porsche Team Switzerland No. 13 Rebellion Racing Hong Kong No. 47 KCMG United Kingdom No. 97 Aston Martin Racing United Kingdom No. 98 Aston Martin Racing Results
Germany Marc Lieb
France Romain Dumas
Switzerland Neel Jani
Austria Dominik Kraihamer
Italy Andrea Belicchi
Switzerland Fabio Leimer
United Kingdom Matthew Howson
United Kingdom Richard Bradley
Switzerland Alexandre Imperatori
United Kingdom Darren Turner
Germany Stefan Mücke
Canada Paul Dalla Lana
Portugal Pedro Lamy
Denmark Christoffer Nygaard

Entries were required to complete the timed race as well as to complete 70% of the overall winning car's race distance in order to earn championship points. A single bonus point was awarded to the team and all drivers of the pole position car for each category in qualifying. For the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the race result points allocation was doubled. Furthermore, a race must complete three laps under green flag conditions in order for championship points to be awarded.

Points System[53]
Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Other Classified
Points 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 0.5

Drivers' Championships

Five titles were awarded to drivers in the 2014 season. A World Championship was reserved for LMP1 and LMP2 drivers. A World Cup was available for drivers in the LMGTE categories. Further, three FIA Endurance Trophies were also awarded to drivers in the LMP1-L, LMP2 and LMGTE Am categories.

World Endurance Drivers' Championship

Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 United Kingdom Anthony Davidson Japan Toyota Racing 1 1 3 3 1 1 10 2 166
1 Switzerland Sébastien Buemi Japan Toyota Racing 1 1 3 3 1 1 10 2 166
2 Germany André Lotterer Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 5 1 1 6 4 4 5 127
2 France Benoît Tréluyer Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 5 1 1 6 4 4 5 127
2 Switzerland Marcel Fässler Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 5 1 1 6 4 4 5 127
3 Germany Marc Lieb Germany Porsche Team Ret 4 5 4 4 3 2 1 117
3 France Romain Dumas Germany Porsche Team Ret 4 5 4 4 3 2 1 117
3 Switzerland Neel Jani Germany Porsche Team Ret 4 5 4 4 3 2 1 117
4 Brazil Lucas Di Grassi Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 2 2 2 5 5 5 3 117
4 Denmark Tom Kristensen Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 2 2 2 5 5 5 3 117
5 Austria Alexander Wurz Japan Toyota Racing 2 3 Ret 6 2 2 1 4 116
5 France Stéphane Sarrazin Japan Toyota Racing 2 3 Ret 6 2 2 1 4 116
6 France Nicolas Lapierre Japan Toyota Racing 1 1 3 3 96
7 France Loïc Duval Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Ret 2 WD 2 5 5 5 3 81
8 Japan Kazuki Nakajima Japan Toyota Racing 2 3 Ret 2 2 71
9 Germany Timo Bernhard Germany Porsche Team 3 12 NC 5 3 6 3 Ret 64.5
9 Australia Mark Webber Germany Porsche Team 3 12 NC 5 3 6 3 Ret 64.5
9 New Zealand Brendon Hartley Germany Porsche Team 3 12 NC 5 3 6 3 Ret 64.5
10 Switzerland Mathias Beche Switzerland Rebellion Racing 4 7 4 7 12 7 7 8 64.5
10 France Nicolas Prost Switzerland Rebellion Racing 4 7 4 7 12 7 7 8 64.5
10 Germany Nick Heidfeld Switzerland Rebellion Racing 4 7 4 7 12 7 7 8 64.5
11 United Kingdom Mike Conway Japan Toyota Racing 6 1 4 45
12 Spain Marc Gené Germany Audi Sport Team Joest 2 36
Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
Colour Result
Gold Winner
Silver 2nd place
Bronze 3rd place
Green Points finish
Blue Non-points finish
Non-classified finish (NC)
Purple Retired (Ret)
Red Did not qualify (DNQ)
Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)
Black Disqualified (DSQ)
White Did not start (DNS)
Withdrew (WD)
Race cancelled (C)
Blank Did not participate (DNP)
Excluded (EX)

Bold - Pole position

World Endurance Cup for GT Drivers

Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Italy Gianmaria Bruni Italy AF Corse 4 1 1 3 1 Ret 1 4 168
1 Finland Toni Vilander Italy AF Corse 4 1 1 3 1 Ret 1 4 168
2 France Frédéric Makowiecki Germany Porsche Team Manthey 1 9 2 2 11 1 5 2 134.5
3 Austria Richard Lietz Germany Porsche Team Manthey 1 2 4 2 4 6 111
4 France Patrick Pilet Germany Porsche Team Manthey 2 2 11 2 11 1 5 2 108.5
5 United Kingdom Darren Turner United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 3 4 10 1 9 Ret 2 1 102
5 Germany Stefan Mücke United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 3 4 10 1 9 Ret 2 1 102
6 Germany Jörg Bergmeister Germany Porsche Team Manthey 2 2 11 4 4 2 4 6 99
7 Italy Davide Rigon Italy AF Corse 5 3 Ret 7 2 3 3 3 94
7 United Kingdom James Calado Italy AF Corse 5 3 WD 7 2 3 3 3 94
8 Denmark Kristian Poulsen United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 8 7 3 6 5 6 6 8 78
8 Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 8 7 3 6 5 6 6 8 78
9 Germany Marco Holzer Germany Porsche Team Manthey 1 9 2 63
10 Denmark Nicki Thiim United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 8 3 5 6 8 56
11 Denmark Christoffer Nygaard United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 9 8 7 5 6 5 8 7 56
11 Portugal Pedro Lamy United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 9 8 7 5 6 5 8 7 56
11 Canada Paul Dalla Lana United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 9 8 7 5 6 5 8 7 56
12 United Kingdom Alex MacDowall United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 7 5 WD 10 3 4 12 5 55.5
12 Brazil Fernando Rees United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 7 5 WD 10 3 4 12 5 55.5
Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points

LMP1 Private Teams Drivers' Trophy

Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Switzerland Mathias Beche Switzerland Rebellion Racing 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 204
1 France Nicolas Prost Switzerland Rebellion Racing 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 204
1 Germany Nick Heidfeld Switzerland Rebellion Racing 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 204
2 Italy Andrea Belicchi Switzerland Rebellion Racing Ret Ret Ret Ret 1 2 1 1 93
2 Austria Dominik Kraihamer Switzerland Rebellion Racing Ret Ret Ret Ret 1 2 1 1 93
2 Switzerland Fabio Leimer Switzerland Rebellion Racing Ret Ret Ret Ret 1 2 1 1 93
3 Austria Lucas Auer Romania Lotus 2 3 Ret 33
4 France Christophe Bouchut Romania Lotus 2 Ret 18
4 United Kingdom James Rossiter Romania Lotus 2 Ret 18
5 Germany Pierre Kaffer Romania Lotus Ret 3 Ret Ret 15

FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Drivers

Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Russia Sergey Zlobin Russia SMP Racing 3 4 1 2 3 2 Ret 2 146
2 France Olivier Pla Russia G-Drive Racing 1 1 Ret 3 1 1 3 Ret 137
2 France Julien Canal Russia G-Drive Racing 1 1 Ret 3 1 1 3 Ret 137
2 Russia Roman Rusinov Russia G-Drive Racing 1 1 Ret 3 1 1 3 Ret 137
3 United Kingdom Matthew Howson Hong Kong KCMG 2 2 Ret 1 2 Ret 1 1 130
3 United Kingdom Richard Bradley Hong Kong KCMG 2 2 Ret 1 2 Ret 1 1 130
4 Russia Anton Ladygin Russia SMP Racing Ret 3 1 Ret 4 3 2 Ret 110
5 France Nicolas Minassian Russia SMP Racing 3 4 Ret 2 3 2 Ret 2 96
5 Italy Maurizio Mediani Russia SMP Racing 3 4 Ret 2 3 2 Ret 2 96
6 Switzerland Alexandre Imperatori Hong Kong KCMG 2 Ret 2 Ret 1 1 87
7 Russia Kirill Ladygin Russia SMP Racing Ret 3 Ret Ret 4 3 2 Ret 60
7 Russia Viktor Shaitar Russia SMP Racing Ret 3 Ret 4 3 2 Ret 60

FIA Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Drivers

Pos. Driver Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Denmark Kristian Poulsen United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 198
1 Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 198
2 Denmark Christoffer Nygaard United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 2 3 5 1 2 1 3 1 164
2 Portugal Pedro Lamy United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 2 3 5 1 2 1 3 1 164
2 Canada Paul Dalla Lana United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 2 3 5 1 2 1 3 1 164
3 Denmark Nicki Thiim United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 1 1 1 1 2 144
4 Germany Christian Ried Germany Proton Competition 4 4 2 3 4 5 4 4 121
4 United Arab Emirates Khaled Al Qubaisi Germany Proton Competition 4 4 2 3 4 5 4 4 121
5 Austria Klaus Bachler Germany Proton Competition 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 111
6 Argentina Luís Pérez Companc Italy AF Corse 6 1 3 4 76
6 Italy Marco Cioci Italy AF Corse 6 1 3 4 76
6 Italy Mirko Venturi Italy AF Corse 6 1 3 4 76
7 Australia Stephen Wyatt Italy AF Corse 3 5 Ret 6 Ret 2 3 68
7 Italy Michele Rugolo Italy AF Corse 3 5 Ret 6 Ret 2 3 68

Manufacturers' Championships

Two manufacturers' championships were held in the FIA WEC, one for sports prototypes and one for grand tourers. The World Manufacturers' Championship was only open to manufacturer entries in the LMP1 category, while the World Cup for GT Manufacturers allowed entries from both LMGTE Pro and LMGTE Am to participate. Both titles allowed the top two finishing cars from each manufacturer to earn points toward their total.

World Endurance Manufacturers' Championship

Pos. Manufacturer SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Japan Toyota 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 289
2 3 Ret 6 2 2 6 4
2 Germany Audi Ret 2 1 1 5 4 4 3 244
Ret 5 2 2 6 5 5 5
3 Germany Porsche 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 193
Ret 6 NC 5 4 6 3 Ret

World Endurance Cup for GT Manufacturers

Pos. Manufacturer SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 Italy Ferrari 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 288
5 3 5 7 2 7 3 4
2 Germany Porsche 1 2 2 2 4 1 4 2 262
2 9 4 4 7 2 5 6
3 United Kingdom Aston Martin 3 4 3 1 3 4 2 1 232
7 5 7 5 5 5 6 5

Teams Championships

Teams in each of the FIA WEC categories, with the exception of LMP1-H, were eligible for their own FIA Endurance Trophies. Each entry, regardless of team, was scored separately.

FIA Endurance Trophy for Private LMP1 Teams

Pos. Car Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 12 Switzerland Rebellion Racing 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 204
2 13 Switzerland Rebellion Racing Ret Ret Ret Ret 1 2 1 1 93
3 9 Romania Lotus 2 Ret 3 Ret Ret 33

FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams

Pos. Car Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 27 Russia SMP Racing 3 4 1 2 3 2 Ret 2 146
2 26 Russia G-Drive Racing 1 1 Ret 3 1 1 3 Ret 137
3 47 Hong Kong KCMG 2 2 Ret 1 2 Ret 1 1 130
4 37 Russia SMP Racing Ret 3 Ret Ret 4 3 2 Ret 60

FIA Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Pro Teams

Pos. Car Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 51 Italy AF Corse 4 1 1 3 1 Ret 1 4 168
2 92 Germany Porsche Team Manthey 1 6 2 2 6 1 5 2 148
3 97 United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 3 4 3 1 5 Ret 2 1 138
4 91 Germany Porsche Team Manthey 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 122
5 71 Italy AF Corse 5 3 Ret 5 2 3 3 3 98
6 99 United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 7 5 WD 6 3 4 6 5 70
7 52 United Kingdom Ram Racing 6 Ret 8

FIA Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams

Pos. Car Team SIL
United Kingdom
SPA
Belgium
LMS
France
COA
United States
FUJ
Japan
SHA
China
BHR
Bahrain
SÃO
Brazil
Total
points
1 95 United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 198
2 98 United Kingdom Aston Martin Racing 2 3 5 1 2 1 3 1 164
3 88 Germany Proton Competition 4 4 2 3 4 5 4 4 121
4 61 Italy AF Corse 6 1 3 4 5 6 6 102
5 81 Italy AF Corse 3 5 Ret 6 Ret 2 3 68
6 90 United States 8 Star Motorsports Ret 7 4 5 Ret 3 5 Ret 65
7 75 Belgium Prospeed Competition Ret 6 Ret 7 3 4 7 5 58
8 53 United Kingdom Ram Racing 5 6 26

References

  1. "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship - Sporting regulations" (PDF). FIA.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Classifications". FIA.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  3. Watkins, Gary. "WEC retains same venues for 2014". racer.com. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  4. Carter, Jeff. "Revisions to 2014 FIA WEC calendar announced". fiawec.com. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  5. "World Motor Sport Council". fia.com. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  6. Dagys, John. "Sao Paulo Moved to Season Finale, COTA Confirmed". Sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media, LLC. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  7. Dagys, John (23 February 2014). "COTA, Bahrain Confirmed as Night Races". Sportscar365. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Watkins, Gary (3 February 2014). "Lucas di Grassi takes Allan McNish's seat at Audi for 2014 WEC". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  9. Watkins, Gary (11 June 2014). "Loic Duval ruled out of Le Mans 24 Hours after crash in practice". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Hybrid at the heart of Toyota Racing in 2014". Endurance-Info. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  11. 1 2 "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship - 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas - Provisional Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Watkins, Gary (23 January 2014). "Webber to share Porsche 919 with Bernhard and Hartley". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  13. Dagys, John (20 May 2014). "Millennium Racing Replaces Lotus for Le Mans". Sportscar365. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  14. 1 2 DiZinno, Tony (12 June 2014). "Lotus T129 Revealed in Le Mans". Sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  15. ten Caat, Marcel (26 August 2014). "Lucas Auer Completes Lotus LMP1 Lineup". Sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  16. "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship - 6 Hours of Fuji - Provisional Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship - 6 Hours of Bahrain - Provisional Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  18. Dagys, John (17 March 2014). "Rebellion to Start Season with Lola-Toyotas". Sportscar365. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  19. Mercier, Laurent (26 December 2013). "Rebellion R-One Continues Build, Set For On-Track Debut In March". Sportscar365. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  20. 1 2 Dagys, John (11 February 2014). "Heidfeld, Beche Return to Rebellion for 2014". Sportscar365. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  21. DiZinno, Tony (3 March 2014). "Sports cars: Two more Le Mans appointments". MotorSportsTalk. NBC Sports. Retrieved 3 March 2014. Austrian Dominik "Dodo" Kraihamer has been confirmed as fourth full-season driver for Rebellion Racing's efforts in the FIA World Endurance Championship.
  22. Dagys, John (25 March 2014). "Belicchi Confirmed at Rebellion, R-One Set for Spa Debut". Sportscars365.com. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  23. Watkins, Gary (1 April 2014). "GP2 champion Fabio Leimer secures 2014 Rebellion WEC LMP1 seat". Autosport. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  24. Dagys, John (16 November 2014). "Strakka-Dome S103 Delayed Until 2015". Sportscar365. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  25. 1 2 3 "OAK Racing with G-Drive Racing in the 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship". oak-racing.com. Oak Racing. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Watkins, Gary (30 January 2014). "Niclas Minassian set to join SMP Racing for 2014 WEC". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "LIST OF THE COMPETITORS AND CARS INVITED TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHECKINGS & SCRUTINEERING – SUNDAY 8th & MONDAY 9th JUNE 2014" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship — Full Season Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  29. "KCMG confirms Richard Bradley and Matt Howson for FIA WEC and 24 Hours of Le Mans". Endurance-Info. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "2014 FIA World Endurance Championship – 6 Hours of Silverstone – Provisional Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  31. Watkins, Gary (4 April 2014). "Alexandre Imperatori returns to KCMG squad for Le Mans 24 Hours". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  32. 1 2 3 Mercier, Laurent (3 February 2014). "Rigon Promoted to AF Corse Ferrari Drive in GTE-Pro". Sportscar365. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  33. 1 2 Dagys, John (6 May 2014). "Fisichella, Beretta Complete AF Corse Lineup for Le Mans". Sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  34. Caruccio, Antonio (13 March 2014). "Calado il pilota scelto per il WEC con AF Corse" [Calado the pilot chosen for the WEC with AF Corse]. Inpagina (in Italian). ItaliaRacing.net. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  35. Mercier, Laurent (12 June 2014). "Châssis détruit pour la Ferrari/AF Corse #71, Pierre Kaffer remplace James Calado" [New chassis for AF Corse Ferrari #71, Pierre Kaffer replaces James Calado] (in French). Endurance-Info. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  36. Dagys, John (13 February 2014). "Ram Racing Confirms Driver Lineups". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  37. Watkins, Gary (18 February 2014). "McLaren loans Alvaro Parente to Ram Ferrari GTE team in 2014 WEC". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  38. Dagys, John (13 May 2014). "Federico Leo Completes Ram's Lineup for Le Mans". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  39. 1 2 Dagys, John (2 September 2014). "Porsche Shuffles GTE-Pro Driver Lineup". Sportscar365. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  40. Dagys, John (14 December 2013). "Makowiecki Named Porsche Factory Driver". Sportscar365. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "WEC 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Official Entry List". fiawec.com. FIA World Endurance Championship. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "Bamboo Engineering links up with Aston Martin for 2014 WEC". Autosport. Haymarket Press. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  43. Dagys, John (22 October 2014). "Al Faisal Joins Aston Martin Racing for Bahrain". Sportscar365. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Dagys, John (8 January 2014). "Ram Racing Planning Two Car Ferrari Effort". Sportscar365. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  45. 1 2 3 DiZinno, Tony (28 September 2014). "Mike Skeen Set To Make FIA WEC Debut with AF Corse in Fuji". Sportscar365. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  46. Dagys, John (19 November 2014). "Fittipaldi Confirmed in AF Corse Ferrari for Brazil". John Dagys Media. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  47. "AF Corse Confirm WEC Line-Ups". dailysportscar.com. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  48. 1 2 3 "ProSpeed Competition joins WEC in LMGTE Am". fiawec.com. FIA World Endurance Championship. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  49. "Palttala replaces injured Vaxiviere in ProSpeed Porsche for Le Mans". Autosport. Haymarket Press. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  50. 1 2 "Official Entry List". FIA World Endurance Championship. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  51. 1 2 3 Dagys, John (13 February 2014). "8Star Confirms Driver Lineup in GTE-Am". Sportscar365.com. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  52. Hanson, David Heinemier (6 February 2014). "David Heinemeier Hansson to drive for Aston Martin". twitter.com. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  53. "World Motor Sports Council 23/09/2011". fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/26/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.