2003 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2003.

Paleozoology

Arthropods

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Brownimeciinae[2]	Subfam. nov	Valid	Bolton	Turonian	New Jersey amber	USA	A stem group ant, type species B. clavata	Brownimecia clavata
Halictus? savenyei[3]	Sp. nov	valid	Engel & Archibald	Ypresian	Coldwater beds, Princeton Group	Canada	first apoid bee described from Canada
Raphidia funerata[4]	sp nov	Valid	Engel	Priabonian	Florissant Formation	USA
Wesmaelius mathewesi[5]	Sp. nov	valid	Engel & Archibald	Ypresian	Coldwater beds, Princeton Group	Canada	A Hemerobiinae lacewing

Conodont paleozoology

German paleontologist and stratigrapher Heinz Walter Kozur (1942-2013) described the conodont genus Carnepigondolella.

Parareptiles

Name	Status	Authors	Location	Notes	Images
Bunostegos	Valid taxon	Christian Sidor	Niger	This was one of the largest herbivores of their time	Bunostegos

Non-avian dinosaurs

Newly named non-avian dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.^[6]

Name	Status	Authors	Location	Notes	Images
"Abdallahsaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
"Blancocerosaurus"[8]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
Amazonsaurus[9]	Valid taxon	Carvalho Avilla Salgado	Brazil
Antetonitrus[10]	Valid taxon	Yates Kitching	South Africa
Aviatyrannis[11]	Valid taxon	Rauhut	Portugal
Bainoceratops[12]	Valid taxon	Tereschenko Alifanov	China
Brohisaurus	Valid taxon	Malkani	Pakistan
Colepiocephale[13]	Valid taxon	Sullivan	Canada
"Domeykosaurus"	Nomen nudum	Rubilar-Rogers and Vargas vide: Anonymous in May 29, 2003 Reuters news reports.	Chile
Dromaeosauroides[14]	Valid taxon	Christiansen Bonde	Denmark		Dromaeosauroides
Equijubus[15]	Valid taxon	You Luo Shubin Witmer Tang Z. Tang F.	China
Ferganasaurus[16]	Valid taxon	Alifanov Averianov	Kyrgyzstan
Fukuisaurus[17]	Valid taxon	Kobayashi Azuma	Japan
Gobititan[18]	Valid taxon	You Tang F. Luo	China
Hanssuesia[19]	Valid taxon	Sullivan	Canada		Hanssuesia
Heyuannia[20]	Valid taxon	Lü	China		Heyuannia
Hongshanosaurus[21]	Valid taxon	You Xu X. Wang X.	China		Hongshanosaurus
Isisaurus[22]	Valid taxon	Jeffrey A. Wilson. Upchurch	India		Isisaurus
"Issasaurus"[7]		Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Dicraeosaurus
Lamaceratops[23]	Valid taxon	Alifanov	China
"Ligomasaurus"[7]		Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
Lusotitan[24]	Valid taxon	Antunes Mateus	Portugal
Magnirostris[25]	Valid taxon	You Dong Zhiming	China		Magnirostris
Mendozasaurus[26]	Valid taxon	González-Riga (as González Riga)	Argentina
"Mohammadisaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Tornieria
"Mtapaiasaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
"Mtotosaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Dicraeosaurus
"Nteregosaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Janenschia
"Nyororosaurus"[7]		Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Dicraeosaurus
Olorotitan[27]	Valid taxon	Godefroit Bolotsky Alifanov	Russia		Olorotitan Olorotitan
Platyceratops[23]	Valid taxon	Alifanov	Mongolia
Rajasaurus[28]	Valid taxon	Jeffrey A. Wilson. Sereno Srivastava Bhatt Khosla Sahni	India		Rajasaurus
Rinconsaurus[29]	Valid taxon	Calvo González-Riga (as González Riga)	Argentina		Rinconsaurus
"Salimosaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
"Selimanosaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Dicraeosaurus
Serendipaceratops[30]	Valid taxon	T. Rich Vickers-Rich	Australia
Shenzhousaurus[31]	Valid taxon	Ji Q. Mark Norell Makovicky Gao K. Ji S. Yuan	China
Shuangmiaosaurus[32]	Valid taxon	You Ji Q. Li J. Li Y. X.	China
Silesaurus[33]	Valid taxon	Dzik	Poland		Silesaurus
Sinornithomimus[34]	Valid taxon	Kobayashi Lü	China		Sinornithomimus
Sphaerotholus[35]	Possible junior synonym of Prenocephale	Williamson Carr
"Wangonisaurus"[7]	Nomen nudum.	Gerhard Maier		Nomen nudum; possibly a junior synonym of Giraffatitan or Brachiosaurus
Yixianosaurus[36]	Valid taxon	Xu X. Wang X.	China
Zalmoxes[37]	Valid taxon	Weishampel Jianu Csiki Norman	Romania		Zalmoxes Zalmoxes
Zupaysaurus[38]	Valid taxon	Arcucci & Coria	Argentina		Zupaysaurus

Newly named birds

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammals

Fungi

newly named

Plants

Conifers

Angiosperms

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Corylus johnsonii[71]	Valid	Pigg Manchester Wehr	Ypresian	Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation	USA		Corylus johnsonii
Araripia florifera[72]	Valid	Mohr Eklund	lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil

Gnetophytes

References

1. ↑ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716. 
2. ↑ Bolton, B. (2003), "Synopsis and classification of Formicidae.", Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71: 1–370 
3. ↑ Engel, Michael S.; Archibald, S. Bruce (2003). "An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist. 135: 63–69. doi:10.4039/n02-030. 
4. ↑ Engel, M.S. (2003). "A New Eocene-Oligocene Snakefly from Florissant, Colorado (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 106: 124–128. doi:10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0124:anesff]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 3628392. 
5. ↑ Makarkin, VN; Archibald, SB; Oswald, JD (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 135: 637–653. doi:10.4039/n02-122. 
6. ↑ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07. 
7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Maier, G. 2003. African dinosaurs unearthed: the Tendaguru expeditions. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IA (512 pages).
8. ↑ Maier, G. 1997. Tendaguru. In: Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs (J.Currie and K.Padian, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California/London, UK: pp.725-726.
9. ↑ de Souza Carvalho, I., L. dos Santos Avilla, and L. Salgado. 2003. Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Brazil. Cretaceous Research 24 (6): pp. 697-713.
10. ↑ Yates, A.M. and J.W. Kitching. 2003. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion. Proceedings: Biological Sciences DOI 10.1098/rspb. 2003: p. 2417 (Antetonitrus ingenipes).
11. ↑ Rauhut, O.W.M. 2003. A tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal Palaeontology 46 (5): p. 903.
12. ↑ Tereschenko, V.S. and V.R. Alifanov. 2003. Bainoceratops efremovi, a New Protoceratopid Dinosaur (Protoceratopidae, Neoceratopsia) from the Bain-Dzak Locality (South Mongolia). Abstract in: Paleontological Journal 37: p. 3.
13. ↑ Sullivan, R.M. 2003. Revision of the dinosaur Stegoceras Lambe (Ornithischia, Pachycephalosauridae): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (1): pp. 181-207.
14. ↑ Christiansen, P. N. Bonde. 2003. The first dinosaur from Denmark. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 227 (2): pp. 287–299.
15. ↑ You; Luo, Z.-X.; Shubin, N.H.; Witmer, L.M.; Tang, Z.- L.; Tang, F. (2003). "The earliest-known duck-billed dinosaur from deposits of late Early Cretaceous age in northwest China and hadrosaur evolution". Cretaceous Research. 24: 347–355. doi:10.1016/s0195-6671(03)00048-x. 
16. ↑ Alifanov, V.R.; Averianov, A.O. (2003). "Ferganasaurus verzilini gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (2): 358–372. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0358:fvgesn]2.0.co;2. 
17. ↑ Kobayashi, Y., and Y. Azuma. 2003. A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria: ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (1): pp. 166-175.
18. ↑ You, H.-L., F. Tang, and Z.-X. Luo. 2003. A New Basal Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 77 (4): pp. 424-429.
19. ↑ Sullivan, R.M. 2003. Revision of the dinosaur Stegoceras Lambe (Ornithischia, Pachycephalosauridae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (1): pp. 181-207.
20. ↑ Lu, J. [2002 / 2003]. A new oviraptorosaurid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of southern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (4): pp. 871-875.
21. ↑ You, H.L., X. Xu, and X.-L. Wang. 2003. A new genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the origin and early evolution of marginocephalian dinosaurs. Acta Geologica Sinica 77 (1):pp. 15-20.
22. ↑ Wilson, J.A. and P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria- Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a "Gondwanan" distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3).
23. 1 2 Alifanov, V.R. 2003. Two new dinosaurs of the infraorder neoceratopsia (Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt Depression, Mongolian People's Republic. Paleontological Journal 37 (5): pp. 524-534.
24. ↑ Telles Antunes, M. and O. Mateus. 2003. Dinosaurs of Portugal. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2: pp. 77-95.
25. ↑ You, H.-L. and Z. Dong. 2003. A new Protoceratopsid (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 77 (3): pp. 299-303.
26. ↑ González Riga, B.J. 2003. A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 40 (2): pp. 155-172.
27. ↑ Godefroit, P., Y. Bolotsky, and V. Alifanov. 2003. A remarkable hollow-crested hadrosaur from Russia: an Asian origin for lambeosaurines. C. R. Palevol 2 (2): pp. 143–151.
28. ↑ Wilson, J.A., P.C. Sereno, S. Srivastava, D.K. Bhatt, A. Khosla, and A. Sahni. 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology [University of Michigan] 31 (1): pp. 1-42.
29. ↑ Calvo, J.O. and B.J.G. Gonzalez Riga. 2003. Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen. et sp nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Revista Geologica de Chile 30 (2): pp. 333-353.
30. ↑ Rich, T.H. and P. Vickers-Rich. 2003. Protoceratopsian? ulnae from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum no. 113.
31. ↑ Ji, Q.; Norell, M.A.; Makovicky, P.J.; Gao, K.-Q; Ji, S.-A.; Yuan, C. (2003). "An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny". Amer. Mus. Novitates. 3420: 1–19. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)420<0001:aeodai>2.0.co;2. 
32. ↑ You, H.L.; Ji, Q.; Li, J.; Li, Y.X. (2003). "A new hadrosauroid dinosaur from the mid- Cretaceous of Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 77 (2): 148–154. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00557.x. 
33. ↑ Dzik, J. (2003). "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland". J. Vert. Paleontol. 23 (3): 556–574. doi:10.1671/a1097. 
34. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Lu, J.-C. (2003). "A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (2): 235–259. 
35. ↑ Willamson, T.E.; Carr, T.D. (2003). "A new genus of derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America". J. Vert. Paleontol. 22 (4): 779–801. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:angodp]2.0.co;2. 
36. ↑ Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L. (2003). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning". Vertebrate Palasiatica. 41 (3): 195–202. 
37. ↑ Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.-M.; Csiki, Z.; Norman, D.B. (2003). "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (2): 65–123. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001032. 
38. ↑ Arucci, A. B.; Coria, R. A. (2003). "A new Triassic carnivorous dinosaur from Argentina". Ameghiniana. 40 (2): 217–228. 
39. 1 2 Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2003). "Birds (Aves) from the Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift (Namibia). Preliminary study with description of two new genera: Amanuensis (Accipitriformes, Sagittariidae) and Namibiavis (Gruiformes, Idiornithidae)". In Martin Pickford; Brigitte Senut. Geology and palaeobiology of the Central and Southern Namib. Vol. 2: Paleontology of the Orange River Valley. Geological Survey of Namibia, Memoir 19. pp. 103–113. 
40. ↑ Bonnie E. Gulas-Wroblewski; Anton F.-J. Wroblewski (2003). "A Crown-group Galliform Bird from the Middle Eocene Bridger Formation of Wyoming". Palaeontology. 46 (6): 1269–1280. doi:10.1046/j.0031-0239.2003.00340.x. 
41. 1 2 Herculano M. F. de Alvarenga; Edson Guilherme (2003). "The Anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) From the Upper Tertiary (Miocene–Pliocene) of Southwestern Amazonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 614–621. doi:10.1671/1890. 
42. ↑ Trevor H. Worthy (2003). "A New Extinct Species of Snipe Coenocorypha from Vitilevu, Fiji". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club. 123 (2): 90–103. 
43. ↑ Paul G. Davis (2003). "The Oldest Record of the Genus Diomedea, Diomedea tanakai sp. n. (Procellariiformes Diomedeidae): an Albatros from the Miocene of Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Science Museum. 29: 39–48. 
44. 1 2 Ilka Weidig (2003). "Fossil Birds from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation (USA)". Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doctorgrades der Naturwissenschaften Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main: 1–170. 
45. ↑ Denis V. Sobolev (2003). "New Species of Pliocene Hawk (Falconiformes, Falconidae)" (PDF). Vestnik Zoologii. 37 (6): 85–87. 
46. ↑ Trevor H. Worthy; Graham M. Wragg (2003). "A New Species of Gallicolumba: Columbidae from Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 33 (4): 769–793. doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517758. 
47. ↑ Helen F. James; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A Giant New Species of Nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the Island of Hawaii" (PDF). Auk. 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:agnson]2.0.co;2. 
48. ↑ William Suárez Duque; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A New Species of Caracara (Milvago) from Quaternary Asphalt Deposits in Cuba, with Notes on New Material of Caracara creightoni Brodkorb (Aves Falconidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116 (2): 301–307. 
49. 1 2 3 Marcelo Stucchi (2003). "Los Piqueros (Aves: Sulidae) de la Formación Pisco, Perú" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú. 95: 75–91. 
50. ↑ Mayr, Gerald; Herculano M. F. Alvarenga; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (2011). "Out of Africa: Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin, an iconic Neotropic bird". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (11): 961–966. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0849-1. PMID 21964974. 
51. ↑ W. R. P. Bourne; N. P. Ashmole; K. E. L. Simmons (2003). "A New Subfossil Night Heron and a New Genus for the Extinct Rail for Ascension Island, Central Tropical Atlantic Ocean" (PDF). Ardea. 95 (1): 45–51. 
52. ↑ Ursula B. Göhlich (2003). "A New Crane (Aves: Gruidae) from the Middle Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Upper Freshwater Molasse, Southern Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (2): 387–393. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0387:ancagf]2.0.co;2. 
53. ↑ Gerald Mayr (2003). "A New Eocene Swift-like Bird with a Peculiar Feathering" (PDF). Ibis. 145 (3): 382–391. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00168.x. 
54. ↑ Hou Lianhai (2003). Book: Fossil Birds of China. Yunnan Science and Technology. 116. pp. 308–316. 
55. ↑ Steven D. Emslie; Carlos Guerra Correa (2003). "A New Species of Penguin (Spheniscidae: Spheniscus) and Other Birds from the Late Pliocene of Chile" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116 (2): 308–316. 
56. ↑ Marcello Stucchi; Mario Urbina; Alfredo Giraldo (2003). "Una Nueva Especie de Spheniscidae del Mioceno Tardío de la Formación Pisco, Perú" (PDF). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines. 32 (2): 361–375. 
57. ↑ Reisz, R.R.; Dilkes, D.W. (2003). "Archaeovenator hamiltonensis, a new varanopid from the upper carboniferous of Kansas". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40: 667–678. doi:10.1139/e02-063. 
58. 1 2 Bonaparte, J.F.; Martinelli, A.G.; Schultz, C.L.; Rubert, R. (2003). "The sister group of mammals: small cynodonts from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 5: 5–27. 
59. ↑ Rubidge, B.S.; Kitching, J.W. (2003). "A new burnetiamorph (Theraspida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 199–210. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00294. 
60. ↑ Modesto, S.P.; Rubidge, B.S.; Visser, I.; Welman, J. (2003). "A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 211–223. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00295. 
61. ↑ Modesto, S.P.; Rubidge, B.S.; Welman, J. (2003). "A new dicynodont therapsid from the lowermost Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 39 (12): 1755–1765. doi:10.1139/e02-091. 
62. ↑ Modesto, S.P.; Rubidge, B.S.; Welman, J. (2003). "Erratum: A replacement name for Lanthanocephalus Modesto, Rubidge and Welman 2002, not Lanthanocephalus Williams and Starmer 2000". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (3): 467. doi:10.1139/e03-900. 
63. ↑ Abdala, F.; Ribeiro, A.M. (2003). "A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian-Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139: 529–545. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00096.x. 
64. ↑ Liu, J.; Li, J.-L. (2003). "A new material of kannemeyerid from Xinjiang and the restudy of Parakannemeyeria brevirostris". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 41 (2): 147–156. 
65. ↑ J. Morales; D. Soria; P. Montoya; B. Pérez; M. J. Salesa (2003). "Caracal depereti nov. sp. y Felis aff. silvestris (Felidae, Mammalia) del plioceno inferior de Layna (Soria, España)". Estudios Geológicos. 59 (1–4): 229–247. doi:10.3989/egeol.03591-4101. 
66. ↑ Alberto Boscaini; David M. Alba; Juan F. Beltrán; Salvador Moyà-Solà; Joan Madurell-Malapeira (2016). "Latest Early Pleistocene remains of Lynx pardinus (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Iberian Peninsula: Taxonomy and evolutionary implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 143: 96–106. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.015. 
67. ↑ Michael Morlo; Gregg F. Gunnell (2003). "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon, and Iridonon, New Genus". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 31 (2): 43–78. 
68. ↑ Martin Pickford; Brigitte Senut; Dominique Gommery; Ezra Musiime (2003). "New Catarrhine fossils from Moroto II, Early Middle Miocene (ca 17.5 Ma) Uganda". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (8): 649–662. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.10.001. 
69. ↑ hibbet, D.S.; et al. (2003). "Another Fossil Agaric from Dominican Amber". Mycologia. 95 (4): 685–687. doi:10.2307/3761943. JSTOR 3761943. PMID 21148976. 
70. 1 2 Kotyk, M.E.A.; Basinger, J.F.; McIlver, E.E. (2003). "Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic". Canadian Journal of Botany. 81: 113–130. doi:10.1139/B03-007. 
71. ↑ Pigg, K.B.; Manchester S.R.; Wehr W.C. (2003). "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (5): 807–822. doi:10.1086/376816. 
72. ↑ Mohr, B.A.R.; Eklund, H. (2003). "Araripia florifera, a magnoliid angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 126 (3-4): 279–292. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(03)00092-7. 
73. ↑ Rydin, C.; Mohr, B.; Friis, E.M. (2003). "Cratonia cotyledon gen. et sp. nov.: a unique Cretaceous seedling related to Welwetschia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270: S29–S32. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0044.