1868 in science
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The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Biology
- January 30 – Publication of Charles Darwin's The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (by John Murray in London), including his theory of heredity, which he calls pangenesis.
- Jules-Emile Planchon and colleagues propose Phylloxera as the cause of the Great French Wine Blight.[1]
- Roland Trimen reads a paper to the Linnaean Society explaining Batesian mimicry in African butterflies.[2][3]
- T. H. Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it Bathybius haeckelii. He admits his mistake in 1871.[4]
- The Granny Smith apple cultivar originates in Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia, from a chance seedling propagated by Maria Ann Smith (née Sherwood, 1799–1870).[5]
Chemistry
- August 18 – The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.[6]
- October 20 – English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium.[7]
- Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.[8]
Medicine
- Jean-Martin Charcot describes and names multiple sclerosis.[9][10]
- Adolph Kussmaul performs the first esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a living human.[11][12][13][14]
Paleontology
- March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first anatomically modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.
Technology
- October 28 – American inventor Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, for a form of electronic voting machine.
Awards
- Copley Medal: Charles Wheatstone
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Carl Friedrich Naumann
Births
- January 31 – Theodore William Richards (died 1928), chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- February 7 – Aleen Cust (died 1937), veterinary surgeon.
- March 15 – Grace Chisholm Young (died 1944), mathematician.
- March 22 – Robert Millikan (died 1953), physicist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics.
- April 4 – Philippa Fawcett (died 1948), mathematician.
- April 8 – Herbert Jennings (died 1947), zoologist.
- April 14 – Annie Russell (died 1947), astronomer.
- May 2 – Robert W. Wood (died 1955), optical physicist.
- June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott (died 1912), explorer.
- June 14 – Karl Landsteiner (died 1943), physiologist.
- July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt (died 1921), astronomer.
- October 23 – Frederick W. Lanchester (died 1946), automotive engineer.
- November 8 – Felix Hausdorff (died 1942), mathematician.
- December 9 – Fritz Haber (died 1934), chemist.
- J. B. Christopherson (died 1955), physician.
Deaths
- February 11 – Léon Foucault (born 1819), physicist.
- February 24 – John Herapath (born 1790), physicist.
- May 22 – Julius Plücker (born 1801), mathematician and physicist.
- June 25 – Alexander Mitchell (born 1780), engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse.
- September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius (born 1790), mathematician.
- December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr. (born 1821), inventor.
- December 31 – James David Forbes (died 1809), physicist, glaciologist and seismologist.
References
- ↑ "The Great French Wine Blight". Wine Tidings. 96. July–August 1986. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ↑ Published in Transactions 26(3) (1870): 497.
- ↑ "Roland Trimen, 1840-1916". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 91 (641): xviii–xxvii. 1920. doi:10.1098/rspb.1920.0020. JSTOR 80995.
- ↑ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press.
- ↑ Martin, Megan (2005). "Smith, Maria Ann (1799–1870)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ↑ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode:1991JBAA..101...95K.
- ↑ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0.
- ↑ Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9.
- ↑ Enerson, Ole Daniel. "Jean-Martin Charcot". Whonamedit?. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ↑ Charcot, J.-M. (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques". Gazette des hopitaux. Paris. 41: 554–55.
- ↑ Killian, Gustvan (1911). "The history of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy". The Laryngoscope. 21 (9): 891–7. doi:10.1288/00005537-191109000-00001.
- ↑ Modlin, Irvin M.; Kidd, Mark; Lye, Kevin D. (2004). "From the Lumen to the Laparoscope". Archives of Surgery. 139 (10): 1110–26. doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1110. PMID 15492154. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ↑ Elewaut, A.; Cremer, M. (2002). "The History of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — The European Perspective". In Classen, Meinhard et al. (ed). Gastroenterological endoscopy. Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-58890-013-5. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ↑ Vilardell, F. (2006). "Rigid gastroscopes". Digestive endoscopy in the second millennium: from the Lichtleiter to echoendoscopy. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 32–5. ISBN 978-3-13-139671-6. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
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