1585

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1585 (MDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday (dominical letter C) of the Julian calendar, the 1585th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 585th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 16th century, and the 6th year of the 1580s decade. As of the start of 1585, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1918.

Events

January–June

• January 12 – The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar.
• February – The Spanish seize Brussels.
• April 24 – Pope Sixtus V succeeds Pope Gregory XIII as the 227th pope.
• May 19 – Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,^[1] precipitating the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

July–December

• July 7 – The Treaty of Nemours forces King Henry III of France to capitulate to the demands of the Catholic League, triggering the Eighth War of Religion (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) to begin in France.
• August 8 – English explorer John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in Baffin Island in his quest for the Northwest Passage.
• August 14 – Queen Elizabeth I of England agrees to establish a protectorate over the Netherlands.^[1]
• August 17
  • Antwerp is captured by Spanish forces under the Prince of Parma, who orders Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades the Scheldt river, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominently Amsterdam.
  • A first group of colonists sent by Sir Walter Raleigh under the charge of Ralph Lane lands in the New World to create Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. This group will depart the following June.^[1]
• August 20 – The Treaty of Nonsuch is signed, committing England to support the Dutch Revolt, thus entering the Eighty Years' War.^[2]

Date unknown

• Chocolate is introduced to Europe commercially.
• The Kingdom of Luba is founded.

Births

John George I, Elector of Saxony and Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg born on March 5

Anna of Tyrol born on October 4

John Cotton born on December 5

• January 5 – Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia, Catholic cardinal (d. 1641)
• January 6 – Claude Favre de Vaugelas, Savoyard grammarian and man of letters (d. 1650)
• January 8 – Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, Duke of Joyeuse (d. 1656)
• January 9 – Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1645)
• January 23 – Mary Ward, English Catholic Religious Sister (d. 1645)
• January 24 – Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde, Countess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (d. 1634)
• January 27 – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (d. 1634)
• January 28 – Domenico II Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1675)
• January 31 – Daniel Schwenter, German Orientalist (d. 1636)
• February 2
  • Judith Quiney, William Shakespeare's youngest daughter (d. 1662)
  • Hamnet Shakespeare, William Shakespeare's only son (d. 1596)
• February 25 – Pieter van den Broecke, Dutch merchant (d. 1640)
• March 2 – John Macias, Spanish Dominican lay brother (d. 1645)
• March 5
  • Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Founder of the junior line Hesse-Homburg (d. 1638)
  • John George I, Elector of Saxony (d. 1656)
• March 6 – Francesco Cornaro, Doge of Venice (d. 1656)
• March 16 – Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (d. 1618)
• March 22 – Krzysztof Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1640)
• April 6 – Marzio Ginetti, Catholic cardinal (d. 1671)
• April 28 – George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, English soldier and politician (d. 1663)
• May 1 – Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1612)
• May 5 – Vincenzo Carafa, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer (d. 1649)
• May 6 – Guy XX de Laval, French noble (d. 1605)
• May 12 – John Oglander, English politicians (d. 1655)
• June 11 – Evert Horn, Swedish soldier (d. 1615)
• June 13 – Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Peruvian and Paraguayan linguist (d. 1652)
• June 24 – Johannes Lippius, German theologian, philosopher, composer, and music theorist (d. 1612)
• July 2 – Jean Guiton (d. 1654)
• July 11
  • Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (d. 1643)
  • Timothy Turner, British serjeant-at-law (d. 1677)
• July 26 – Dániel Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1654)
• August 3 – Sir Thomas Burdett, 1st Baronet, of Bramcote, Sheriff of Derbyshire (d. 1647)
• August 5 – Jesper Brochmand, Danish bishop (d. 1652)
• August 25 – Giovanni Biliverti, Italian painter (d. 1644)
• August 26 – Peter Lauremberg, writer (d. 1639)
• September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (d. 1642)
• September 15 – Ottavio Vannini, Italian painter (d. 1640)
• September 26 – Antonio Franco, Roman Catholic Italian bishop, prelate of Santa Lucia del Mela (d. 1626)
• September 27 – John Strangways, English politician (d. 1666)
• October 4 – Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1618)
• October 9 – Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d. 1672)
• October 10 – Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1648)
• October 11 – Johann Heermann, German poet hymn-writer (d. 1647)
• October 15 – Louis Cappel, French Protestant churchman and scholar (d. 1658)
• October 28 – Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d. 1638)
• October – John Ball, English puritan divine (d. 1640)
• November 1
  • Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (d. 1652)
  • Adriaan Pauw (d. 1653)
• November 2 – Rudolf von Colloredo, Austrian field marshal (d. 1657)
• November 5 – Sir John St John, 1st Baronet, English Baronet (d. 1648)
• November 26 – Herman op den Graeff, bishop (d. 1642)
• November 30 – Filippo Benedetto de Sio, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1641–1651) and Bishop of Caiazzo (1623–1641) (d. 1651)
• December 3 – Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (d. 1667)
• December 4
  • John Cotton, clergyman in England and the American colonies, founder of Boston (d. 1652)
• December 13 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649)
• December 16 – Livia della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1641)
• December 25 – Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (d. 1637)
• December 31
  • Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (d. 1635)
  • Sumitomo Masatomo (d. 1652)
• date unknown
  • Zachary Boyd, Scottish religious writer (d. 1653)
  • Ambrose Barlow, Catholic priest and martyr (d. 1641)
  • Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara, Irish soldier (d. 1655)
  • Lucilio Vanini, Italian free-thinker (d. 1619)
  • Alexander Whitaker, Virginia Colony religious leader (d. 1616)
  • Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (d. 1668)
• probable
  • Uriel da Costa, Portuguese Jewish philosopher (d. 1640)
  • Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist (d. 1638)
  • Francesco Fontana, Italian lawyer and astronomer (d. 1656)
  • Jacob Le Maire, Dutch mariner (d. 1616)

Deaths

Pope Gregory XIII died on April 10, 1585

• January 16 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (b. 1512)
• February 6 – Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (b. 1518)
• February 13 – Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b. 1515)
• March 10 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b. 1517)
• April 3 – Thomas Goldwell, English ecclesiastic
• April 10 – Pope Gregory XIII (b. 1502)
• May 15 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1535)
• June 4 – Muretus, French humanist (b. 1526)
• June 21 – Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1532)
• July 6 – Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b. 1552)
• July 28 – Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford (b. 1527)
• August 5 – Yermak Timofeyevich, Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia
• October 29 – Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b.1527)
• November 23 – Thomas Tallis, English composer (b. c. 1510)
• November 28 – Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b. 1532)
• December – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (b. 1524)
• December 4 – John Willock, Scottish reformer (b. c. 1515)
• December 22 – Vittoria Accoramboni, Italian noblewoman (b. 1557)
• date unknown
  • Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Turkish scientist (b. 1526)
  • Stanisław Lubomirski (d. 1585), Polish nobleman

References